<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-5-675-683</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-1537</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INNOVATIVE CARDIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ КАРДИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>LEFT ATRIAL FUNCTION: MODERN ASSESSMENT METHODS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФУНКЦИЯ ЛЕВОГО ПРЕДСЕРДИЯ: СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ ОЦЕНКИ И КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлюкова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlyukova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павлюкова Елена Николаевна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения атеросклероза и хронической ишемической болезни сердца, Научно-исследовательский институт кардиологии.</p><p>634012, Томск, ул. Киевская, 111а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena N. Pavlyukova – MD, PhD, Professor, Leading Researcher, Department of Atherosclerosis and Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease.</p><p>Kievskaya ul. 111A, Tomsk, 634012</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кужель</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzhel</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кужель Дмитрий Анатольевич – кандидат медицинских наук,  доцент кафедры кардиологии и функциональной диагностики, КГМИ им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; зав. отделением функциональной диагностики ККБ №2.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry A. Kuzhel – MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chair of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostic.</p><p>Partizana Zheleznyaka ul. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022; Karla Marxa ul. 43,  Krasnoyarsk, 660097</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dakushel@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матюшин</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matyushin</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Матюшин Геннадий Васильевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой кардиологии и функциональной диагностики.</p><p>660022, Красноярск, ул. Партизана Железняка, 1; 660049, Красноярск, ул. Карла Маркса, 43</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennady V. Matyushin – MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Chair of Cardiology and Functional Diagnostic.</p><p>Partizana Zheleznyaka ul. 1, Krasnoyarsk, 660022</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-исследовательский институт кардиологии, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский Государственный Медицинский Университет им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; Красноярская краевая больница №2</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky; Krasnoyarsk Territory Hospital №2</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский Государственный Медицинский Университет им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>675</fpage><lpage>683</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Pavlyukova E.N., Kuzhel D.A., Matyushin G.V., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Павлюкова Е.Н., Кужель Д.А., Матюшин Г.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pavlyukova E.N., Kuzhel D.A., Matyushin G.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1537">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1537</self-uri><abstract><p>Assessment of the left atrial (LA) function is important aspect of comprehensive cardiovascular system estimation. Many cardiac diseases make an impact to LA work either by direct affect on myocardium or hemodynamic condition changing. It is considered, LA and left ventricle diastolic pressure is interrelated, thus without mitral valve disease LA expanding is a sign of LV filling pressure augmentation. Examination of LA size and function by analysis of atrial reservoir, conduit, and booster pump can predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease and valvular heart disease. The last two decades gave new technologies to accurate and comprehensive LA mechanics estimation, in the first place related to tissue Doppler imaging. Atrial strain and strain rate obtained using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography have proved to be feasible and reproducible techniques to evaluate LA mechanics.</p><p>In physiological settings, LA is a highly expandable chamber with relatively low pressures. However in the presence of acute and chronic injury, LA wall stretches. LA stretching is a hallmark of structure changing with myocardial fibrosis and has influence on LA strain and strain rate. LA strain estimation could be useful in the prediction of sinus rhythm restoration and maintenance after cardioversion and catheter ablation. Low values of global longitudinal LA strain indicate irreversible LA remodeling and are related to the atrial fibrillation progression from paroxysmal to permanent forms. The most interesting in these circumstances is the potential contribution of echocardiography to thromboembolic risk stratification in atrial fibrillation and invasive procedures such as atrial ablation. Therefore, at present, the main task is to understand the ways of clinical application of data  obtained during the LA study.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Оценка функции левого предсердия (ЛП) является важным аспектом всестороннего исследования компетентности сердечно-сосудистой системы. Многочисленные кардиальные заболевания могут влиять на работу ЛП, как непосредственно воздействуя на миокард предсердий, так и путем изменения состояния гемодинамики. Принято считать, что давление в ЛП и в левом желудочке в диастолу взаимозависимы, поэтому в отсутствие патологии митрального клапана расширение предсердия является признаком увеличения давления наполнения желудочка. Изучение размера и функции левого предсердия как функции накопления, протекания и насоса может предсказывать сердечно-сосудистые события при кардиомиопатиях, ишемической болезни сердца и клапанных  пороках. В последние два десятилетия появились новые методики, связанные, прежде всего с тканевыми допплеровскими технологиями, которые обеспечивают достаточно точную и всестороннюю оценку механики левого предсердия. Деформация и скорость деформации, полученные ультразвуковой методикой «след пятна», представляет легко выполнимую и воспроизводимую технологию оценки механики левого предсердия.</p><p>В нормальных условиях ЛП представляет собой очень растяжимую камеру с относительно низким  давлением. Однако при остром или хроническом повреждающем воздействии происходит растяжение стенки ЛП. Расширение ЛП является признаком изменения его структуры с развитием фиброза, что отражается на показателях деформации и скорости  деформации ЛП. Оценка деформации ЛП может быть полезной в предсказании успешности восстановления и сохранения синусового ритма после кардиоверсии и катетерной абляции. Низкие значения глобальной деформации ЛП указывают на необратимое ремоделирование ЛП и связаны с прогрессированием фибрилляции предсердий от пароксизмальной формы к постоянной. Наиболее интересным в этой связи представляется потенциальный вклад эхокардиографии в стратификацию тромбоэмболического риска при фибрилляции предсердий и процедурах инвазивного вмешательства. Поэтому основной задачей в настоящее время является понимание точек клинического приложения полученных в ходе исследования ЛП данных применительно к текущей практике.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эхокардиография</kwd><kwd>левое предсердие</kwd><kwd>деформация левого предсердия</kwd><kwd>функция левого предсердия</kwd><kwd>спекл-трекинг эхокардиография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>echocardiography</kwd><kwd>left atrial</kwd><kwd>left atrial strain</kwd><kwd>left atrial function</kwd><kwd>two-dimensional speckle-tracking.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barbier P., Solomon S.B., Schiller N.B., Glantz S.A. Left atrial relaxation and left ventricular systolic function determine left atrial reservoir function. Circulation 1999;100:427–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbier P., Solomon S.B., Schiller N.B., Glantz S.A. Left atrial relaxation and left ventricular systolic function determine left atrial reservoir function. Circulation 1999;100:427–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoit B.D. Left Atrial Size and Function. Role in Prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:493–505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoit B.D. Left Atrial Size and Function. Role in Prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:493–505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marwick T.H., Yu Ch.-M., Sun J.P. Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking. Chapter 21. Zhang Q, Yu Ch-M. Atrial function. Blackwell Publishing 2007;P.255-264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marwick T.H., Yu Ch.-M., Sun J.P. Myocardial Imaging: Tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking. Chapter 21. Zhang Q, Yu Ch-M. Atrial function. Blackwell Publishing 2007;P.255-264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abhayaratna W.P., Seward J.B., Appleton C.P., et al. Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 2357-63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abhayaratna W.P., Seward J.B., Appleton C.P., et al. Left atrial size: physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 2357-63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas L., Levett K., Boyd A., et al. Changes in regional left atrial function with aging: evaluation by Doppler tissue imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003; 4: 92-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas L., Levett K., Boyd A., et al. Changes in regional left atrial function with aging: evaluation by Doppler tissue imaging. Eur J Echocardiogr 2003; 4: 92-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triposkiadis F., Pitsavos C., Boudoulas H., et al. Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1994; 128: 308-15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triposkiadis F., Pitsavos C., Boudoulas H., et al. Left atrial myopathy in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1994; 128: 308-15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsang T.S., Abhayaratna W.P., Barnes M.E., et al. Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1018-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsang T.S., Abhayaratna W.P., Barnes M.E., et al. Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter? J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:1018-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lang R., Badano L., Mor-Avi V., et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2015;28:1-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lang R., Badano L., Mor-Avi V., et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2015;28:1-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piotrowski G., Goch A., Wlazlowski R., et al. Non-invasive methods of atrial function evaluation in heart diseases. Med Sci Monit 2000; 6: 827-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piotrowski G., Goch A., Wlazlowski R., et al. Non-invasive methods of atrial function evaluation in heart diseases. Med Sci Monit 2000; 6: 827-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagueh S., Smiseth O., Appleton C., et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2016;29:277-314.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagueh S., Smiseth O., Appleton C., et al. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2016;29:277-314.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mor-Avi V., Lang RM., Badano L.P., et al. Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ASE/EAE consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24: 277-313.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mor-Avi V., Lang RM., Badano L.P., et al. Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ASE/EAE consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24: 277-313.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolf F., Ourednicek P., Loewe C., et al. Evaluation of left atrial function by multidetector computed tomography before left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation: comparison of a manual and automated 3D volume segmentation method. Eur J Radiol 2010;75:141-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolf F., Ourednicek P., Loewe C., et al. Evaluation of left atrial function by multidetector computed tomography before left atrial radiofrequency catheter ablation: comparison of a manual and automated 3D volume segmentation method. Eur J Radiol 2010;75:141-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuppahally S.S., Akoum N., Burgon N.S., et al. Left atrial strain and strain rate in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial ﬁbrillation: relationship to left atrial structural remodeling detected by delayed-enhancement MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:231-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuppahally S.S., Akoum N., Burgon N.S., et al. Left atrial strain and strain rate in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial ﬁbrillation: relationship to left atrial structural remodeling detected by delayed-enhancement MRI. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:231-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyasaka Y., Tsujimoto S., Maeba H., et al. Left atrial volume by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:680-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyasaka Y., Tsujimoto S., Maeba H., et al. Left atrial volume by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:680-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Artang R., Migrino R.Q., Harmann L., et al. Left atrial volume measurement with automated border detection by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2009;7:16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Artang R., Migrino R.Q., Harmann L., et al. Left atrial volume measurement with automated border detection by 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2009;7:16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoit B.D., Shao Y., Gabel M., Walsh R.A. Inяuence of loading conditions and contractile state on pulmonary venous яow. Validation of Doppler velocimetry. Circulation 1992;86: 651-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoit B.D., Shao Y., Gabel M., Walsh R.A. Inяuence of loading conditions and contractile state on pulmonary venous яow. Validation of Doppler velocimetry. Circulation 1992;86: 651-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appleton C.P., Galloway J.M., Gonzalez M.S., et al. Estimation of left ventricular ﬁlling pressures us-ing two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease: additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral яow velocity at atrial contraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1972-82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appleton C.P., Galloway J.M., Gonzalez M.S., et al. Estimation of left ventricular ﬁlling pressures us-ing two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography in adult patients with cardiac disease: additional value of analyzing left atrial size, left atrial ejection fraction and the difference in duration of pulmonary venous and mitral яow velocity at atrial contraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1972-82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Korinek J., Wang J., Sengupta P.P., et al. Two-dimensional strain—a Doppler-independent ultrasoundmethod for quantitation of regional deformation: validation in vitro and in vivo. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1247-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korinek J., Wang J., Sengupta P.P., et al. Two-dimensional strain—a Doppler-independent ultrasoundmethod for quantitation of regional deformation: validation in vitro and in vivo. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1247-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cho G.Y., Chan J., Leano R., et al. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue velocity based strain and validation with harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1661-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cho G.Y., Chan J., Leano R., et al. Comparison of two-dimensional speckle and tissue velocity based strain and validation with harmonic phase magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1661-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leischik R., Littwitz H., Dworrak B., et al. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Atrial Mechanics: Function, History, Novel Techniques, Advantages, and Pitfalls. BioMed Research International. 2015;765921.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leischik R., Littwitz H., Dworrak B., et al. Echocardiographic Evaluation of Left Atrial Mechanics: Function, History, Novel Techniques, Advantages, and Pitfalls. BioMed Research International. 2015;765921.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">To A.C., Flamm S.D., Marwick T.H., Klein A.L. Clinical utility ofmultimodality LA imaging: assessment of size, function, and structure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:788-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">To A.C., Flamm S.D., Marwick T.H., Klein A.L. Clinical utility ofmultimodality LA imaging: assessment of size, function, and structure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4:788-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матановская Т.В., Туев А.В., Орехова Е.Н., Суханов С.Г. Оценка механической функции левого предсердия у здоровых взрослых. Пермский медицинский журнал. 2014;31(1):64-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Матановская Т.В., Туев А.В., Орехова Е.Н., Суханов С.Г. Оценка механической функции левого предсердия у здоровых взрослых. Пермский медицинский журнал. 2014;31(1):64-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cameli M., Lisi M., Righini F.M., Mondillo S. Novel echocardiographic techniques to assess left atrial size, anatomy and function. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2012;10:4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cameli M., Lisi M., Righini F.M., Mondillo S. Novel echocardiographic techniques to assess left atrial size, anatomy and function. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2012;10:4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saraiva R.M., Demirkol S., Buakhamsri A., et al. Left atrial strain measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking represents a new tool to evaluate left atrial function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:172-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saraiva R.M., Demirkol S., Buakhamsri A., et al. Left atrial strain measured by two-dimensional speckle tracking represents a new tool to evaluate left atrial function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010;23:172-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vieira M.J., Teixeira R., Goncalves L., Gersh B.J. Left Atrial Mechanics: Echocardiographic Assessment and Clinical Implications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:463-78.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vieira M.J., Teixeira R., Goncalves L., Gersh B.J. Left Atrial Mechanics: Echocardiographic Assessment and Clinical Implications. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27:463-78.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ebato M., Maezawa H., Tanabe A., et al. Left atrial area strain measured by three dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography represents global and regional left atrial function at once. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:E1269.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ebato M., Maezawa H., Tanabe A., et al. Left atrial area strain measured by three dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography represents global and regional left atrial function at once. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:E1269.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nattel S. Electrophysiologic remodeling. J Cardiov Electrophys 1999;10:1553-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nattel S. Electrophysiologic remodeling. J Cardiov Electrophys 1999;10:1553-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cameli M., Lisi M., Focardi M., et al. Left atrial deformation analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:264-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cameli M., Lisi M., Focardi M., et al. Left atrial deformation analysis by speckle tracking echocardiography for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:264-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Møller J.E., Hillis G.S., Oh J.K., et al. Left atrial volume: A powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;107:2207-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Møller J.E., Hillis G.S., Oh J.K., et al. Left atrial volume: A powerful predictor of survival after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;107:2207-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tsang T.S., Barnes M.E, Gersh B.J, et al. Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol 2002;90: 1284-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsang T.S., Barnes M.E, Gersh B.J, et al. Left atrial volume as a morphophysiologic expression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and relation to cardiovascular risk burden. Am J Cardiol 2002;90: 1284-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurt M., Tanboga I.H., Aksakal E., et al. Relation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level with left atrial deformation parameters. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;13:524-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurt M., Tanboga I.H., Aksakal E., et al. Relation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide level with left atrial deformation parameters. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2012;13:524-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benjamin E.J., D’Agostino R.B., Belanger A.J., et al. Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1995;92:835-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benjamin E.J., D’Agostino R.B., Belanger A.J., et al. Left atrial size and the risk of stroke and death. The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1995;92:835-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takemoto Y., Barnes M.E., et al. Usefulness of left atrial volume in predicting ﬁrst congestive heart failure in patients ≥ 65 years of age with well-preserved left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:832-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takemoto Y., Barnes M.E., et al. Usefulness of left atrial volume in predicting ﬁrst congestive heart failure in patients ≥ 65 years of age with well-preserved left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:832-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gottdiener J.S., Kitzman D.W., Aurigemma G.P., et al. Left atrial volume, geometry, and function in systolic and diastolic heart failure of persons &gt; or = 65 years of age (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 2006;97:83-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gottdiener J.S., Kitzman D.W., Aurigemma G.P., et al. Left atrial volume, geometry, and function in systolic and diastolic heart failure of persons &gt; or = 65 years of age (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 2006;97:83-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antoni M.L., ten Brinke E.A., Atary J.Z., et al. Left atrial strain is related to adverse events in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 2011;97:1332-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antoni M.L., ten Brinke E.A., Atary J.Z., et al. Left atrial strain is related to adverse events in patients after acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 2011;97:1332-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shao C., Zhu J., Chen J., Xu W. Independent prognostic value of left atrial function by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in patients with non -ST-segment-elevation acute myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2015;15:145-153.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shao C., Zhu J., Chen J., Xu W. Independent prognostic value of left atrial function by two-dimensional speckle tracking imaging in patients with non -ST-segment-elevation acute myocardial infarction. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2015;15:145-153.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos A.B.S., Roca G.Q., Claggett B., et al. Prognostic Relevance of Left Atrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9:e002763.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos A.B.S., Roca G.Q., Claggett B., et al. Prognostic Relevance of Left Atrial Dysfunction in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation: Heart Failure. 2016;9:e002763.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Salvo G., Caso P., Lo Piccolo R., et al. Atrial myocardial deformation properties predict maintenance of sinus rhythm after external cardioversion of recent-onset lone atrial ﬁbrillation: a color Doppler myocardial imaging and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study. Circulation 2005;112:387-95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Salvo G., Caso P., Lo Piccolo R., et al. Atrial myocardial deformation properties predict maintenance of sinus rhythm after external cardioversion of recent-onset lone atrial ﬁbrillation: a color Doppler myocardial imaging and transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic study. Circulation 2005;112:387-95.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goldberg A., Kusunose K., Qamruddin S., et al. Left Atrial Size and Function in a Canine Model of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0147015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goldberg A., Kusunose K., Qamruddin S., et al. Left Atrial Size and Function in a Canine Model of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0147015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donal E., Ollivier R., Veillard D., et al. Left atrial function assessed by trans-thoracic echocardiography in patients treated by ablation for a lone paroxysmal atrial ﬁbrillation. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11: 845-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donal E., Ollivier R., Veillard D., et al. Left atrial function assessed by trans-thoracic echocardiography in patients treated by ablation for a lone paroxysmal atrial ﬁbrillation. Eur J Echocardiogr 2010;11: 845-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoon E.Y., Oh I.-Y., Kim S.-A., et al. Echocardiographic Predictors of Progression to Persistent or Permanent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (E6P Study). J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015;28:709-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoon E.Y., Oh I.-Y., Kim S.-A., et al. Echocardiographic Predictors of Progression to Persistent or Permanent Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (E6P Study). J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015;28:709-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motoki H., Negishi K., Kusunose K., et al. Global Left Atrial Strain in the Prediction of Sinus Rhythm Maintenance after Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27: 1184-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Motoki H., Negishi K., Kusunose K., et al. Global Left Atrial Strain in the Prediction of Sinus Rhythm Maintenance after Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2014;27: 1184-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henein M.Y., Holmgren A., Lindqvist P. Left atrial function in volume versus pressure overloaded left atrium. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;31(5);959-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henein M.Y., Holmgren A., Lindqvist P. Left atrial function in volume versus pressure overloaded left atrium. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;31(5);959-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ancona R., Pinto S.C., Caso P., et al. Two-dimensional atrial systolic strain imaging predicts atrial ﬁbrillation at 4-year follow-up in asymptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:270-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ancona R., Pinto S.C., Caso P., et al. Two-dimensional atrial systolic strain imaging predicts atrial ﬁbrillation at 4-year follow-up in asymptomatic rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:270-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakajima H., Seo Y., Ishizu T., et al. Analysis of the left atrial appendage by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:885-92.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakajima H., Seo Y., Ishizu T., et al. Analysis of the left atrial appendage by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:885-92.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calkins H., Kuck K.H., Cappato R., et al. 2012HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial ﬁbrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, deﬁnitions, endpoints, and research trial design. Europace 2012;14:528-606.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calkins H., Kuck K.H., Cappato R., et al. 2012HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial ﬁbrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, deﬁnitions, endpoints, and research trial design. Europace 2012;14:528-606.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirchhof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for themanagement of atrial ﬁbrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. European Heart Journal 2016;37:2893-2962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirchhof P., Benussi S., Kotecha D., et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for themanagement of atrial ﬁbrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. European Heart Journal 2016;37:2893-2962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Floria M., Roy L.D., Xhaet O., et al. Predictive value of thromboembolic risk scores before an atrial ﬁbrillation ablation procedure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013;24:139-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Floria M., Roy L.D., Xhaet O., et al. Predictive value of thromboembolic risk scores before an atrial ﬁbrillation ablation procedure. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2013;24:139-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Providencia R., Botelho A., Trigo J., et al. Possible reﬁnement of clinical thromboembolism assessment in patients with atrial ﬁbrillation using echocardiographic parameters. Europace 2012;14:36-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Providencia R., Botelho A., Trigo J., et al. Possible reﬁnement of clinical thromboembolism assessment in patients with atrial ﬁbrillation using echocardiographic parameters. Europace 2012;14:36-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wasmer K., Kobe J., Dechering D., et al. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc score of patients with atrial ﬁbrillation or яutter and newly detected left atrial thrombus. Clin Res Cardiol 2013;102:139-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wasmer K., Kobe J., Dechering D., et al. CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc score of patients with atrial ﬁbrillation or яutter and newly detected left atrial thrombus. Clin Res Cardiol 2013;102:139-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCready J.W., Nunn L., Lambiase P.D., et al. Incidence of left atrial thrombus prior to atrial ﬁbrillation ablation: is pre-procedural transoesophageal echocardiography mandatory? Europace Jul 2010;12:927-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCready J.W., Nunn L., Lambiase P.D., et al. Incidence of left atrial thrombus prior to atrial ﬁbrillation ablation: is pre-procedural transoesophageal echocardiography mandatory? Europace Jul 2010;12:927-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willens H.J., Gomez-Marın O., Nelson K., et al. Correlation of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores with transesophageal echocardiography risk factors for thromboembolism in a multiethnic United States population with nonvalvular atrial ﬁbrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:175-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willens H.J., Gomez-Marın O., Nelson K., et al. Correlation of CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores with transesophageal echocardiography risk factors for thromboembolism in a multiethnic United States population with nonvalvular atrial ﬁbrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:175-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Providencia R., Trigo J., Paiva L., Barra S. The Role of Echocardiography in Thromboembolic Risk Assessment of Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. J AmSoc Echocardiogr 2013;26:801-12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Providencia R., Trigo J., Paiva L., Barra S. The Role of Echocardiography in Thromboembolic Risk Assessment of Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. J AmSoc Echocardiogr 2013;26:801-12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayirala S., Kumar S., O’Sullivan D.M., Silverman D.I. Echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus formation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:499-505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayirala S., Kumar S., O’Sullivan D.M., Silverman D.I. Echocardiographic predictors of left atrial appendage thrombus formation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:499-505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shih J.Y., Tsai W.C., Huang Y.Y., et al. Association of decreased left atrial strain and strain rate with stroke in chronic atrial ﬁbrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:513-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shih J.Y., Tsai W.C., Huang Y.Y., et al. Association of decreased left atrial strain and strain rate with stroke in chronic atrial ﬁbrillation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:513-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsu P.-C., Lee W.-H., Chu C.-Y., et al. Prognostic role of left atrial strain and its combination index with transmitral E-wave velocity in patients with atrial fibrillation. Scientific RepoRts. 2016;6:17-18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsu P.-C., Lee W.-H., Chu C.-Y., et al. Prognostic role of left atrial strain and its combination index with transmitral E-wave velocity in patients with atrial fibrillation. Scientific RepoRts. 2016;6:17-18.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azemi T., Rabdiya V.M., Ayirala S.R., et al. Left atrial strain is reduced in patients with atrial ﬁbrillation, stroke or TIA, and low risk CHADS2 scores. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012;25:1327-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azemi T., Rabdiya V.M., Ayirala S.R., et al. Left atrial strain is reduced in patients with atrial ﬁbrillation, stroke or TIA, and low risk CHADS2 scores. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012;25:1327-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim D., Shim C.Y., Hong G.-R., et al. Clinical Implications and Determinants of Left Atrial Mechanical Dysfunction in Patients With Stroke. Stroke. 2016;47:1444-1451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim D., Shim C.Y., Hong G.-R., et al. Clinical Implications and Determinants of Left Atrial Mechanical Dysfunction in Patients With Stroke. Stroke. 2016;47:1444-1451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kowallick J.T., Lotz J., HasenfuІ G., Schuster A. Left atrial physiology and pathophysiology: Role of deformation imaging. World J Cardiol. 2015;7(6):299-305. DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i6.299</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kowallick J.T., Lotz J., HasenfuІ G., Schuster A. Left atrial physiology and pathophysiology: Role of deformation imaging. World J Cardiol. 2015;7(6):299-305. DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i6.299</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinh T., Baur L.H., Pisters R., et al. Aspirin versus vitamin K antagonist treatment guided by transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation: a pilot study. Heart 2014;100(7): 563-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinh T., Baur L.H., Pisters R., et al. Aspirin versus vitamin K antagonist treatment guided by transoesophageal echocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation: a pilot study. Heart 2014;100(7): 563-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruff C.T., Giugliano R.P., Antman E.M., et al. Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial ﬁbrillation: design and rationale for the Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). Am Heart J 2010;160:635-41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruff C.T., Giugliano R.P., Antman E.M., et al. Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial ﬁbrillation: design and rationale for the Effective Anticoagulation with Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction Study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). Am Heart J 2010;160:635-41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Link M.S., Giugliano R.P., Ruff C.T., et al. Stroke and Mortality Risk in Patients With Various Patterns of Atrial Fibrillation. Results From the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial (Effective Anticoagulation With Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10:e004267.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Link M.S., Giugliano R.P., Ruff C.T., et al. Stroke and Mortality Risk in Patients With Various Patterns of Atrial Fibrillation. Results From the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial (Effective Anticoagulation With Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 48). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017;10:e004267.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
