<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-1-27-33</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-1613</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>EVALUATION OF LEPTIN SERUM LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AND LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIAL HYPERTROPHY</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ЛЕПТИНА В СЫВОРОТКЕ КРОВИ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИМ СИНДРОМОМИ ГИПЕРТРОФИЕЙ МИОКАРДА ЛЕВОГО ЖЕЛУДОЧКА</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Драпкина</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Drapkina</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Драпкина Оксана Михайловна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, директор </p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10, стр. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana M. Drapkina – MD, PhD, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director </p><p>Petroverigsky per. 103, Moscow, 101990</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шепель</surname><given-names>Р. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shepel</surname><given-names>R. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шепель Руслан Николаевич –младший научный сотрудник, отдел функциональных и прикладных аспектов ожирения </p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10, стр. 3 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Ruslan N. Shepel – MD, Junior Researcher, Department of Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Obesity</p><p>Petroverigsky per. 103, Moscow, 101990</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">r.n.shepel@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деева</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Deeva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Деева Татьяна Андреевна – аспирант, кафедра пропедевтики внутренних болезней </p><p>119992, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, д. 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana A. Deeva – MD, Postgraduate Student, Chair of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics</p><p>Trubetskaya ul. 8, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр профилактической медицины</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И. М. Сеченова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>03</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>27</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Drapkina O.M., Shepel R.N., Deeva T.A., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Драпкина О.М., Шепель Р.Н., Деева Т.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Drapkina O.M., Shepel R.N., Deeva T.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1613">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1613</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study serum level of leptin in patients with the metabolic syndrome (MS), including in patients with MS in combination with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to determine the diagnostic significance of this marker in MS.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The study involved 43 patients with MS, 33 of them with signs of LVH, and 33 patients without MS comparable age, including 10 patients with LVH. The average age of patients in the MS group at the time of inclusion into the study was 62.7±10.3 years, in the control group (without MS) – 60±14.7 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive examination that included the collection of complaints, study of history, physical examination, anthropometric measurements, laboratory and instrumental examination, including study of the serum level of leptin.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Patients of both groups had statistically significant differences in the size of the heart chambers, the presence of LVH signs, left ventricle contractile function, the thickness of the epicardial fat layer. Thus, enlargement of the heart, thickness of the interventricular septum, posterior wall of the left ventricle, thickness of epicardial fat, reduction of ejection fraction of the left ventricle and characteristics of aortic atherosclerosis were observed significantly more often in patients with MS compared with the group without MS (p&lt;0.05).The average serum level of leptin in the MS group (41.89±33.28 ng/ml) was significantly higher compared to the group without MS (17.64±16.87 ng/ml), p&lt;0.001. At that women had significantly higher levels of serum leptin (38.65±29.23 ng/ml) compared to males (19.54±27.23 ng/ml), p=0.006. A positive correlation between leptin levels and symptoms of LVH (r=0.294, p&lt;0.001) was revealed: in the absence of LVH average level of leptin was 21.7±4.1 ng/ml, in the presence of signs of LVH – 39.2±4.95 ng/ml.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Leptin levels in MS patients is higher than in patients without MS, and in patients with MS associated with LVH is higher than in MS patients without LVH. As the leptin level increases, the risk of LVH increases.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить уровень лептина в сыворотке крови пациентов с метаболическим синдромом (МС), в том числе – в сочетании с гипертрофией миокарда левого желудочка (ГЛЖ) для определения диагностической значимости этого маркера при МС.</p></sec><sec><title> Материал и методы</title><p> Материал и методы. Обследовано 43 пациента с МС, из них 33 с признаками ГЛЖ, а также 33 пациента без МС сопоставимого возраста, среди которых ГЛЖ диагностирована у 10 человек. Средний возраст пациентов в группе МС на момент включения в исследование составил 62,7Ѓ}10,3 лет, в группе контроля (без МС) – 60Ѓ}14,7 лет. Все пациенты прошли комплексное обследование, включавшее сбор жалоб, изучение анамнеза, физикальное обследование, антропометрические измерения, лабораторное и инструментальное исследование, в том числе – исследование уровня лептина в сыворотке крови.</p></sec><sec><title> Результаты</title><p> Результаты. Пациенты двух групп имели статистически значимые отличия по размерам камер сердца, наличию признаков ГЛЖ, сократительной функции левого желудочка, толщине слоя эпикардиального жира. Таким образом, ГЛЖ, увеличение размеров сердца и толщины стенок, толщины эпикардиального жира, снижение фракции выброса левого желудочка, а также признаки атеросклероза аорты статистически значимо чаще встречались в группе пациентов с МС по сравнению с группой без МС (р&lt;0,05). Средний уровень лептина в группе МС оказался статистически значимо выше (41,893,28 нг/мл), по сравнению с группой без МС (17,64Ѓ}16,87 нг/мл; р&lt;0,001). При этом сывороточный уровень лептина у женщин (38,65Ѓ}29,23 нг/мл) был статистически значимо более высоким по сравнению с мужчинами (19,54Ѓ}27,23 нг/мл; р=0,006). Выявлена положительная корреляция между уровнем лептина и признаками ГЛЖ (r=0,294, р&lt;0,001): при отсутствии ГЛЖ средний уровень лептина составил 21,7Ѓ}4,1 нг/мл, при наличии признаков ГЛЖ – 39,2Ѓ}4,95 нг/мл.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Уровень лептина у больных с МС был выше, чем у пациентов без МС, а у больных с МС в сочетании с ГЛЖ выше, чем у пациентов без таковой. С увеличением уровня лептина повышается риск развития ГЛЖ. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лептин</kwd><kwd>гипертрофия миокарда левого желудочка</kwd><kwd>метаболический синдром</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>leptin</kwd><kwd>hypertrophy of the left ventricle</kwd><kwd>the metabolic syndrome</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drapkina O.M., Eliashevich S.O., Shepel R.N. Obesity is a risk factor for chronic noncommunicable diseases. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2016;6:73-9. (In Russ.) [Драпкина О.М., Елиашевич С.О., Шепель Р.Н. Ожирение как фактор риска хронических неинфекционных заболеваний. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2016;6:73-9]. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina O.M., Eliashevich S.O., Shepel R.N. Obesity is a risk factor for chronic noncommunicable diseases. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2016;6:73-9. (In Russ.) [Драпкина О.М., Елиашевич С.О., Шепель Р.Н. Ожирение как фактор риска хронических неинфекционных заболеваний. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2016;6:73-9]. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2016-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong R.J., Chou C., Sinha S.R., et al. Ethnic disparities in the association of body mass index with the risk of hypertension and diabetes. J Community Health. 2014;39:437-45. doi:10.1007/s10900-0139792-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong R.J., Chou C., Sinha S.R., et al. Ethnic disparities in the association of body mass index with the risk of hypertension and diabetes. J Community Health. 2014;39:437-45. doi:10.1007/s10900-0139792-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saydah S., Bullard K.M., Cheng Y., et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by obesity level in adults in the United States, NHANES 1999-2010. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(8):1888-95. doi: 10.1002/oby.20761.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saydah S., Bullard K.M., Cheng Y., et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease risk factors by obesity level in adults in the United States, NHANES 1999-2010. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(8):1888-95. doi: 10.1002/oby.20761.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russian guidelines for management of patients with metabolic syndrome (2013). Available at: http://www.gipertonik.ru/files/recommendation/Recommendations_metabolic_syndrome.doc. Checked by 11/02/2018 (In Russ.) [Российские рекомендации по ведению больных с метаболическим синдромом (2013). Доступно на: http://www.gipertonik.ru/files/recommendation/Recommendations_metabolic_syndrome.doc. Проверено 11.02.2018].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian guidelines for management of patients with metabolic syndrome (2013). Available at: http://www.gipertonik.ru/files/recommendation/Recommendations_metabolic_syndrome.doc. Checked by 11/02/2018 (In Russ.) [Российские рекомендации по ведению больных с метаболическим синдромом (2013). Доступно на: http://www.gipertonik.ru/files/recommendation/Recommendations_metabolic_syndrome.doc. Проверено 11.02.2018].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schillaci G., Verdecchia P., Porcellati C., et al. Continuous Relation Between Left Ventricular Mass and Cardiovascular Risk in Essential Hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;35:580-6. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.35.2.580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schillaci G., Verdecchia P., Porcellati C., et al. Continuous Relation Between Left Ventricular Mass and Cardiovascular Risk in Essential Hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;35:580-6. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.35.2.580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dzau V., Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronaryartery disease: a workshop consensus statement. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1244-63. doi: 10.1016/00028703(91)90694-D.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzau V., Braunwald E. Resolved and unresolved issues in the prevention and treatment of coronaryartery disease: a workshop consensus statement. Am Heart J. 1991;121:1244-63. doi: 10.1016/00028703(91)90694-D.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ametov A.S., Demidova T.Yu., Tselikovskaya A.L. Effect of leptin on the regulation of body weight. Serdechnaja Nedostatochnost'. 2001;2(3):309-11. (In Russ.) [Аметов А.С., Демидова Т.Ю., Целиковская А.Л. Влияние лептина на регуляцию массы тела. Сердечная Недостаточность. 2001; 2(3): 30911].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ametov A.S., Demidova T.Yu., Tselikovskaya A.L. Effect of leptin on the regulation of body weight. Serdechnaja Nedostatochnost'. 2001;2(3):309-11. (In Russ.) [Аметов А.С., Демидова Т.Ю., Целиковская А.Л. Влияние лептина на регуляцию массы тела. Сердечная Недостаточность. 2001; 2(3): 30911].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coppack S.W. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001; 60: 349-356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coppack S.W. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue. Proc Nutr Soc. 2001; 60: 349-356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chearskul S., Kooptiwut S., Pummoung S., et al. Obesity and appetite-related hormones. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(11):1472-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chearskul S., Kooptiwut S., Pummoung S., et al. Obesity and appetite-related hormones. J Med Assoc Thai. 2012;95(11):1472-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Purdham D.M., Zou M.X., Rajapurohitam V., Karmazyn M. Rat heart is a site of leptin production and action. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287:2877-84. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Purdham D.M., Zou M.X., Rajapurohitam V., Karmazyn M. Rat heart is a site of leptin production and action. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;287:2877-84. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rajapurohitam V., Gan X.T., Kirshenbaum L.A., Karmazyn M. The obesity-associated peptide leptin induces hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 2003;93:277-9. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000089255.37804.72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rajapurohitam V., Gan X.T., Kirshenbaum L.A., Karmazyn M. The obesity-associated peptide leptin induces hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Circ Res. 2003;93:277-9. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000089255.37804.72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze P.C., Kratzsch J., Linke A., et al. Elevated serum levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5:33-40. doi: 10.1016/S13889842(02)00177-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze P.C., Kratzsch J., Linke A., et al. Elevated serum levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5:33-40. doi: 10.1016/S13889842(02)00177-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beltowski J. Role of leptin in blood pressure regulation and arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2006;23:789-801. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000222743.06584.66</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beltowski J. Role of leptin in blood pressure regulation and arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2006;23:789-801. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000222743.06584.66</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J. The Metabolic Syndrome A new worldwide definition from the International Diabetes Federation Consensus. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1059-62. doi: 10.1111/j.14645491.2006.01858.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alberti K.G., Zimmet P., Shaw J. The Metabolic Syndrome A new worldwide definition from the International Diabetes Federation Consensus. Lancet. 2005; 366: 1059-62. doi: 10.1111/j.14645491.2006.01858.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasyuk Yu.A., Sadulayeva IA, Yushchuk E.N. et al. Metabolic syndrome: new aspects of the old problem. Arterial'naja Gipertenzija. 2007; 13 (2): 34-6. (In Russ.) [Васюк Ю.А., Садулаева И.А., Ющук Е.Н. и др. Метаболический синдром: новые аспекты старой проблемы. Артериальная Гипертензия. 2007;13(2):34-6].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasyuk Yu.A., Sadulayeva IA, Yushchuk E.N. et al. Metabolic syndrome: new aspects of the old problem. Arterial'naja Gipertenzija. 2007; 13 (2): 34-6. (In Russ.) [Васюк Ю.А., Садулаева И.А., Ющук Е.Н. и др. Метаболический синдром: новые аспекты старой проблемы. Артериальная Гипертензия. 2007;13(2):34-6].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drapkina O.M., Shepel R.N., Deeva T.A. Assessment of leptin level in patients with metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2016;15(3):43-8. (In Russ.) [Драпкина О. М., Шепель Р. Н., Деева Т. А. Оценка уровня лептина у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом и ишемической болезнью сердца. Кардиоваскулярная Терапия и Профилактика. 2016;15(3):43-8]. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2016-3-43-48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina O.M., Shepel R.N., Deeva T.A. Assessment of leptin level in patients with metabolic syndrome and coronary heart disease. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2016;15(3):43-8. (In Russ.) [Драпкина О. М., Шепель Р. Н., Деева Т. А. Оценка уровня лептина у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом и ишемической болезнью сердца. Кардиоваскулярная Терапия и Профилактика. 2016;15(3):43-8]. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2016-3-43-48.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dagogo-Jack S., Fanelli C., Paramore D., et al. Plasma leptin and insulin relationships in obese and nonobese humans. Diabetes. 1996;45:695-8. doi: 10.2337/diab.45.5.695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dagogo-Jack S., Fanelli C., Paramore D., et al. Plasma leptin and insulin relationships in obese and nonobese humans. Diabetes. 1996;45:695-8. doi: 10.2337/diab.45.5.695.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Drapkina O.M., Deeva T.A., Popova I.R. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as an obligate sign of obesity. Rossijskie Medicinskie Vesti. 2012;17(4):4-10. (In Russ.) [Драпкина О.М., Деева Т.А., Попова И.Р. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени как облигатный признак ожирения. Российские Медицинские Вести. 2012;17(4):4-10].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Drapkina O.M., Deeva T.A., Popova I.R. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as an obligate sign of obesity. Rossijskie Medicinskie Vesti. 2012;17(4):4-10. (In Russ.) [Драпкина О.М., Деева Т.А., Попова И.Р. Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени как облигатный признак ожирения. Российские Медицинские Вести. 2012;17(4):4-10].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abe Y., Ono K., Kawamura T., et al. Leptin induces elongation of cardiac myocytes and causes eccentric left ventricular dilatation with compensation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;292(5):238796. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00579.2006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abe Y., Ono K., Kawamura T., et al. Leptin induces elongation of cardiac myocytes and causes eccentric left ventricular dilatation with compensation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2007;292(5):238796. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00579.2006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallace A.M., McMahon A.D., Packard C.J., Kelly A., Shepherd J., Gaw A. et al. Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the West Of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation. 2001; 104:3052-3056.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace A.M., McMahon A.D., Packard C.J., Kelly A., Shepherd J., Gaw A. et al. Plasma leptin and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the West Of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Circulation. 2001; 104:3052-3056.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen M.S., Wang Y.Z., Yi Q, et al. Leptin induces hypertrophy via endothelin-1-reactive oxygen species pathway in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circulation. 2004;110:1269-75. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140766.52771.6D.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen M.S., Wang Y.Z., Yi Q, et al. Leptin induces hypertrophy via endothelin-1-reactive oxygen species pathway in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circulation. 2004;110:1269-75. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000140766.52771.6D.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Correia M.L., Haynes W.G. Leptin, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13(2):215-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Correia M.L., Haynes W.G. Leptin, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13(2):215-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
