<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-5-716-724</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-1761</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ КАРДИОЛОГИЯ И ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Economic losses due to low  coverage of lipid-lowering therapy in patients with  cardiovascular diseases in the Russian Federation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Экономические потери, обусловленные низким охватом гиполипидемической терапией пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями в Российской Федерации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баланова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Balanova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Баланова Юлия Андреевна – кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, лаборатория экономического анализа эпидемиологических исследований и профилактических технологий, отдел эпидемиологии хронических неинфекционных заболеваний, НМИЦ ПМ.</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Balanova – MD, PhD, Leading Researcher,  Laboratory of Economic Analysis of Epidemiological Research and Preventive Technologies, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases.</p><p>Petroverigsky per. 10,  Moscow, 101990.</p><p> </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jbalanova@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Концевая</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kontsevaya</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Концевая Анна  Васильевна – доктор медицинских наук, первый заместитель директора по научной и аналитической работе, НМИЦ ПМ.</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Kontsevaya – MD, PhD, Deputy Director for Scientific and Analytical Work.</p><p>Petroverigsky per. 10,  Moscow, 101990.</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имаева</surname><given-names>А. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Imaeva</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Имаева Асия Эмверовна – кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник, отдел эпидемиологии хронических неинфекционных заболеваний, НМИЦ ПМ.</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Asia E. Imaeva – MD, PhD, Senior Researcher,  Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases.</p><p>Petroverigsky per. 10,  Moscow, 101990.</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпов</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpov</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карпов Олег Ильич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель группы по экономике здравоохранения АО «Санофи Россия».</p><p>125009, Москва, ул. Тверская, 22.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg I. Karpov – MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Health Economics and Outcomes Research Group.</p><p>Tverskaya ul. 22,  Moscow, 125009.</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Худяков</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khudyakov</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Худяков Михаил Борисович – ведущий инженер, лаборатория экономического анализа эпидемиологических исследований и профилактических технологий, отдел эпидемиологии хронических неинфекционных заболеваний, НМИЦ ПМ.</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10.</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mihail B. Khudyakov – Leading Engineer, Laboratory of Economic Analysis of Epidemiological Research and Preventive Technologies, Department of Epidemiology of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases.</p><p>Petroverigsky per. 10,  Moscow, 101990.</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр профилактической медицины</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National Medical Research Center for Preventive Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Акционерное общество «Санофи Россия»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Public Company ”Sanofi Russia”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>716</fpage><lpage>724</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Balanova Y.A., Kontsevaya A.V., Imaeva A.E., Karpov O.I., Khudyakov M.B., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баланова Ю.А., Концевая А.В., Имаева А.Э., Карпов О.И., Худяков М.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Balanova Y.A., Kontsevaya A.V., Imaeva A.E., Karpov O.I., Khudyakov M.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1761">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1761</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To assess the economic burden associated with the absence of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and hypercholesterolemia (HCS) in the Russian population in 2016, including direct costs of the health care system  and indirect economic losses due to premature death, absenteeism and disability.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The calculation includes data  from local population-based studies (prevalence of HCS, treatment coverage and efficiency), as well as Russian statistics on CVD for 2016. Population attributive risk (PAR) was determined, which reflected the incidence of excessive morbidity associated with the lack of HCS therapy in developing CVD for the Russian population, based  on LDL cholesterol level. Direct and indirect components of economic burden associated with the absence of LLT have been calculated, as well as the number of deaths with the calculation of "lost years of potential life" lacking to reach the age of 72 years, and losses associated with premature mortality in the economically active age. Indirect costs (economic losses) included non-received gross domestic product (GDP) due to premature mortality and disability in economically active age and loss of earnings due to temporary disability (TD). To estimate the indirect costs,  the number of people of the working age  with permanent disability in each  of the disability groups  has  been  calculated. The indirect costs  due  to temporary disability were  calculated as payments of salary including for days  of incapacity for work multiplied by the number of days of TD according the Russian statistics data.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The absence of LLT  in people with HCS increases the  risk of CVD related mortality by one  third, death due  to cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke,  by more than a half. PAR was estimated to be 17% for CVD mortality in general, 26% for cerebrovascular diseases. Contribution of HCS and  the  lack of LLT to morbidity is 29% for ischemic heart  disease (IHD), 20% for myocardial infarction. Outpatient calls take  the  first place among all out-patient care statistics, and those  associated with IHD are in the leading position among them.  Hospitalization takes the second  place. The absence of LLT caused  the loss of more than 400,000 years of life in economically active age. The direct costs are determined by expenses for hospitalizations in the presence of IHD. The share of direct costs for hospitalizations is 86%, while in the presence of cerebrovascular diseases it is 76.8%. Payments for disability allowance, which refers to direct non-medical costs, exceed 154 million Russian rubles (RUR) for IHD and 104 million RUR for cerebrovascular diseases. The biggest share  of economic burden associated with the lack of LLT in individuals with this risk factor  is accounted for indirect economic losses: about 507 billion RUR in IHD, of which more  than  90  billion RUR are  associated with myocardial infarction. The costs associated with cerebrovascular diseases make up over 305 billion RUR, the vast majority of which is due to stroke: over 248 billion RUR. Due to the low LLT coverage in the Russian Federation, the economic burden associated with its absence is over 80% of the calculated HCS related losses in total. </p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Economic burden of the lack of LLT in HCS patients is calculated as 530 billion RUR, which is about 0.6% of GDP in 2016, and the largest part of expenditures is related to IHD. The increased awareness of HCS and its improved control with increasing treatment coverage will make possible to lower cholesterol values at the population level, which will also reduce  the economic burden of this risk factor for CVD.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Оценить экономический ущерб,  ассоциированный с отсутствием гиполипидемической терапии  (ГЛТ) у пациентов с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями (ССЗ) при наличии гиперхолестеринемии (ГХС) в России в 2016 г., включая прямые затраты системы здравоохранения и непрямые потери в экономике.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В расчет включены данные  отечественных популяционных исследований; российские статистические данные  за 2016 г. по ССЗ. Определен популяционный атрибутивный риск (PAR), отражающий частоту избыточной заболеваемости, связанной с отсутствием терапии  ГХС в развитии ССЗ. Рассчитаны прямые  и непрямые компоненты экономического ущерба, ассоциированные с отсутствием ГЛТ; количество  летальных  исходов с расчетом «потерянных  лет потенциальной жизни», недожитых до 72 летнего возраста; потери,  связанные с преждевременной смертностью  в экономически активном возрасте. Непрямые затраты  включали  недополученный валовый внутренний продукт из-за  преждевременной смертности и инвалидности в экономически активном возрасте и потери  заработка из-за  временной нетрудоспособности (рассчитано число лиц трудоспособного возраста со стойкой утратой трудоспособности в каждой из групп инвалидности). </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Отсутствие ГЛТ терапии  у лиц с ГХС на треть увеличивает риск смерти от ССЗ, от цереброваскулярных заболеваний (ЦВЗ), в том числе, от инсульта – более, чем вполовину. Был рассчитан  PAR – 17% для смертности от ССЗ в целом, 26% для ЦВЗ. Вклад ГХС и отсутствия ГЛТ в заболеваемость – 29% для ишемической болезни сердца (ИБС), 20% – для инфаркта миокарда. По количеству обращений за медицинской помощью, ассоциированных с отсутствием ГЛТ, на первом месте – амбулаторные, а среди них – связанные с ИБС. Отсутствием ГЛТ обусловлено свыше 400 тыс потерянных  лет потенциальной жизни в экономически активном возрасте. Прямые затраты определяются расходами, связанными с госпитализациями, при наличии ИБС доля прямых затрат на госпитализации – 86%, при наличии ЦВЗ – 76,8%. Выплаты пособий по инвалидности, относящиеся к прямым  немедицинским затратам, превышают 154 млн рублей  при ИБС и 104 млн рублей при ЦВЗ. Основную долю экономического ущерба, ассоциированного с отсутствием ГЛТ у лиц, имеющих  этот фактор  риска,  составляют непрямые потери в экономике – около 507 млрд рублей при наличии ИБС, из которых свыше 90 млрд. ассоциированы с инфарктом миокарда. Свыше 305 млрд рублей  – это затраты,  ассоциированные с ЦВЗ, львиная доля которых определяется инсультом  – свыше 248 млрд рублей. В связи с низким охватом ГЛТ в России экономический ущерб,  ассоциированный с ее отсутствием, составляет свыше 80% рассчитанного основного объема экономического ущерба от ГХС.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В 2016 г. в России среди лиц с ССЗ, имеющих  ГХС, экономический ущерб,  ассоциированный с отсутствием ГЛТ, максимален у пациентов с ИБС – 530 млрд рублей  (около 0,6% валового внутреннего продукта). Увеличение информированности о наличии ГХС и улучшение ее контроля  при росте охвата лечением позволит  снизить значение ГХС на популяционном уровне, что повлечет  и снижение экономического ущерба.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>низкий  охват липидснижающей терапией</kwd><kwd>распространенность гиперхолестеринемии</kwd><kwd>экономический ущерб</kwd><kwd>обусловленный отсутствием гиполипидемической терапии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>low lipid-lowering therapy coverage</kwd><kwd>prevalence of hypercholesterolemia</kwd><kwd>economic burden associated with the absence of lipid-lowering therapy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McAloon C.J. et al. The changing face of cardiovascular disease 2000-2012: An analysis of the world health organisation global health estimates data. Int J Cardiol. 2016;224:256-64. doi:10.1016/j.ij-card.2016.09.026.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McAloon C.J. et al. The changing face of cardiovascular disease 2000-2012: An analysis of the world health organisation global health estimates data. Int J Cardiol. 2016;224:256-64. doi:10.1016/j.ij-card.2016.09.026.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Константинов В.В., Деев А.Д., Баланова Ю.А. и соавт. Профиль риска сердечно-сосудистого здоровья и его вклад в выживаемость у мужчин и женщин Москвы в возрасте 35-64 лет. Профилактическая Медицина. 2013;16(1):3-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov V.V., Deev A.D., Balanova Yu.A, et al. The cardiovascular risk profile and its contribution to survival  in  Moscow  men and women aged 35-64 years.  Profilakticheskaya  Meditsina. 2013;16(1):3-7. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bruthans J., Cífková R., Lánská V. et al. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the Czech Republic between 1985 and 2007. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2012;21(7):829-39. doi:10.1177/2047487312469476.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruthans J., Cífková R., Lánská V. et al. Explaining the decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the Czech   Republic   between 1985  and  2007.  European   Journal   of   Preventive   Cardiology. 2012;21(7):829-39. doi:10.1177/2047487312469476.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., Croft J.B., et al. Explaining the decrease in US deaths from coronary disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(23):2388-98. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa053935.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ford E.S., Ajani U.A., Croft J.B., et al. Explaining the decrease in US deaths  from coronary  disease, 1980-2000. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(23):2388-98. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa053935.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Концевая А.В., Баланова Ю.А., Имаева А.Э., и др. Экономический ущерб от гиперхолестеринемии на популяционном уровне в Российской Федерации. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2018;14(3):393-401. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-3-393-401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kontsevaya A.V., Balanova Y.A., Imaeva A.E., et al. Economic burden of hypercholesterolemia in the Russian Federation. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(3):393-401 (In Russ.). doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-3-393-401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Метельская В. А., Шальнова С.А., Деев А.Д. и др. Анализ распространенности показателей, характеризующих атерогенность спектра липопротеинов, у жителей Российской Федерации (по данным исследования ЭССЕ-РФ). Профилактическая Медицина. 2016;19(1):15-23. doi:10.17116/profmed201619115-23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metelskaya V.A., Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D. Analysis of atherogenic dyslipidemias prevalence among population of Russian Federation (results of the ESSE-RF Study). Profilakticheskaya Meditsina. 2016;19(1):15-23 (In Russ.). doi:10.17116/profmed201619115-23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ШальноваС.А., ДеевА.Д. М.В.А. и соавт. Информированность и особенности терапии статинами у лиц с различным сердечно-сосудистым риском: исследование ЭССЕ-РФ. Кардиоваскулярная Терапия и Профилактика. 2016;15(4):29-37. doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2016-4-29-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D., Metelskaya V.A. et al. Awareness and treatment specifics of statin therapy in persons with various cardiovascular risk: the study ESSE-RF. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2016;15(4):29-37. (In Russ.). doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2016-4-29-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindgren P., Eriksson J., Buxton M. et al. The economic consequences of non-adherence to lipid-lowering therapy: Results from the Anglo-Scandinavian-Cardiac Outcomes Trial. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2010;64(9):1228-34. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02445.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindgren P., Eriksson J., Buxton M. et al. The economic consequences of non-adherence to lipid-lowering therapy: Results from the Anglo-Scandinavian-Cardiac Outcomes Trial. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 2010;64(9):1228-34. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02445.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO Mortality Database. WHO: World Health Organization; 2014. [cited by Oct 21, 2018] Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_data/en/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO Mortality Database. WHO: World Health Organization; 2014. [cited by Oct 21, 2018] Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_data/en/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российская база данных по рождаемости и смертности (РосБРиС). [цитировано 21.10.2018] Доступно на: http://demogr.nes.ru/ru/demogr_indicat/data_description.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russian  database on  fertility  and mortality.  [cited  by  Oct   21,  2018]  Available  from: http://demogr.nes.ru/ru/demogr_indicat/data_description (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филиппов Е. В., Баланова Ю. А. Дислипидемии и их связь с хроническими неинфекционными заболеваниями (по данным исследования МЕРИДИАН-РО). Медицинский Совет. 2015;12:104-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippov E.V., Balanova Yu.A. Dyslipidemia and its relationship with chronic non-communicable diseases (according to the MERIDIAN-RO study). Medicinskij Sovet. 2015;12:104-10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Концевая А.В., Драпкина О.М., Баланова Ю.А. и др. Экономический ущерб от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в Российской Федерации в 2016 году. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2018;14(2):156-66. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-2-156-166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kontsevaya A.V., Drapkina O.M., Balanova Y.A. et al. Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Russian Federation in 2016. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(2):156-66. (In Russ.). doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-2-156-166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Постановление Правительства РФ от 19 декабря 2015 г. №1382 «О Программе государственных гарантий бесплатного оказания гражданам медицинской помощи на 2016»/ [цитировано 21.10.2018]. Доступно на: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/71189846/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Government Decision №1382 of 19 December 2015 «On the Programme of State guarantees for providing citizens of the Russian Federation with free medical care for 2016». [cited by Oct 21, 2018]. Available from: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/71189846/ (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демографический ежегодник России. 2017: Статистический сборник. М.: Росстат; 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The demographic yearbook of Russia. Statistical handbook. Moscow: Rosstat; 2017 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Постановление Правительства РФ от 18.03.2015 №247 “Об утверждении коэффициента индексации с 01.04.2015 социальных пенсий”. [цитировано 21.10.2018]. Доступно на: http://base.garant.ru/70913974/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Government Decision №247 of 18.03.2015 “On the approval of the indexation coefficient from 01/04/2015    of    social    pensions”    [cited    by    Oct    21,   2018].    Available    from: http://base.garant.ru/70913974/ (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Приказ МЭР РФ, МЗ и СР РФ, Минфина РФ и ФСГС от 10 апреля 2012 г. №192/323н/45н/113 «Об утверждении Методологии расчета экономических потерь от смертности, заболеваемости и инвалидизвции населения» [цитировано 21.10.2018]. Доступно на: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70070542/.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Government Decision №192/323н/45н/113 of 10 April 2012 "On the approval of the methodology for calculating economic losses from mortality, morbidity and disability of the population" [cited by Oct 21, 2018]. Available from: http://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70070542/.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gutierrez J., Ramirez G., Rundek T., et al. Statin Therapy in the Prevention of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(1):909-19. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gutierrez J., Ramirez G., Rundek T., et al. Statin Therapy in the Prevention of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013(1):909-19. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taylor F., Ward K., Moore T. H. et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD004816. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taylor F., Ward K., Moore T. H. et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(1):CD004816. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004816.pub5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conly J., Clement F., Tonelli M., et al. Cost-effectiveness of the use of low- and high-potency statins in people at low cardiovascular risk. CMAJ. 2011;183(16):1189-202. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conly J., Clement F., Tonelli M., et al. Cost-effectiveness of the use of low- and high-potency statins in people at low cardiovascular risk. CMAJ. 2011;183(16):1189-202. doi:10.1503/cmaj.101281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ford E.S., Capewell S. Trends in Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol among U.S. Adults: Contributions of Changes in Dietary Fat Intake and Use of Cholesterol-Lowering Medications. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ford E.S., Capewell S. Trends in Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol among U.S. Adults: Contributions of Changes in Dietary Fat Intake and Use of Cholesterol-Lowering Medications. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):1-8. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guzman-Castillo M., Ahmed R., Hawkins N. et al. The contribution of primary prevention medication and dietary change in coronary mortality reduction in England between 2000 and 2007: a modelling study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(1):e006070. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guzman-Castillo M., Ahmed R., Hawkins N. et al. The contribution of primary prevention medication and dietary change in coronary mortality reduction in England between 2000 and 2007: a modelling study.  BMJ Open.  2015;5(1):e006070. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang W., Zhang B. Statins for the prevention of stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092388.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang W., Zhang B. Statins for the prevention of stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One.  2014;9(3):e92388. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092388.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366(9493):1267-78. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90056  participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366(9493):1267-78. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67394-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang T.Y., Newby L.K., Chen A.Y. et al. Hypercholesterolemia paradox in relation to mortality in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32(9):E22-8. doi:10.1002/clc.20518.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang T.Y., Newby L.K., Chen  A.Y. et al. Hypercholesterolemia paradox in relation to mortality in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32(9):E22-8. doi:10.1002/clc.20518.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шепель Р.Н. «Парадокс холестерина» у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью. Медицинский Совет. 2016;13:61-5. doi:10.21518/2079-701X-2016-13-61-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shepel R.N. Cholesterol paradox in patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency modern state of the problem. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2016;13:61-5. (In Russ.). doi:10.21518/2079-701X-2016-13-61-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bundhun P.K., Wu Z.J., Chen M.H. Impact of Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 100 Studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015,94(50):e2313. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002313</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bundhun P.K., Wu Z.J., Chen M.H. Impact of Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 100 Studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015,94(50):e2313. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000002313</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mensah G.A., Wei G. S., Sorlie, P. D. et al. Decline in Cardiovascular Mortality: Possible Causes and Implications. Circulation Research. 2017;120(2):366-80. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mensah G.A., Wei G. S., Sorlie, P. D. et al. Decline in Cardiovascular Mortality: Possible Causes and Implications.    Circulation    Research.     2017;120(2):366-80.    doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hopstock L.A., Bønaa K. H., Eggen A. E., et al. Longitudinal and secular trends in total cholesterol levels and impact of lipid-lowering drug use among Norwegian women and men born in 1905-1977 in the population-based Tromsø Study 1979-2016. BMJ Open. 2017;7(8):e015001. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hopstock L.A., Bønaa K. H., Eggen A. E., et al. Longitudinal and secular trends in total cholesterol levels and impact of lipid-lowering drug use among Norwegian women and men born in 1905-1977 in the population-based Tromsø Study 1979-2016. BMJ Open.  2017;7(8):e015001. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ежов М.В. Последние достижения в ведении атеросклероза и гиперлипидемии. Медицинский Совет. 2017;7:5-10. doi:10.21518/2079-701X-2017-7-5-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhov M.V. Recent progress  in the management of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. Meditsinskiy Sovet. 2017;7:5-10. (In Russ.). doi:10.21518/2079-701X-2017-7-5-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шальнова С.А., Вилков В.Г., Метельская В.А и др. Тридцатилетняя динамика средних характеристик липидов крови в популяциях Российской Федерации и США. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2018;14(1):4-11. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-1-4-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalnova S.A., Vilkov V.G., Metelskaya V.A. et al. Thirty-year changes in average blood lipids levels in populations of the Russian Federation and the USA. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(1):4-11 (In Russ.). doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-1-4-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Воевода М.И., Ковалькова Н.А., Рагино Ю.И., и др. Распространенность метаболического синдрома у жителей Новосибирска в возрасте от 25 до 45 лет. Терапевтический Архив. 2016;88(10):51-6. doi:10.17116/terarkh2016881051-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voevoda M.I., Kovalkova N.A., Ragino Yu.I. et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in 25-45-year-old Nov osibirsk dwellers. Ter Arkhiv. 2016;88(10):51-6 (In Russ.). doi:10.17116/terarkh2016881051-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серебрякова В.Н., Трубачева И.А., Кавешников В.С. и др. Нарушения липидного и углеводного обмена в организованной популяции женщин, занятых умственным трудом. Сибирский Медицинский Журнал. 2014;29(2):79-84. doi10.29001/2073-8552-2014-29-2-79-84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serebryakova V.N., Trubacheva I.A., Kaveshnikov V.S., et a l. Abnormalities of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in population of female intellectual workers. Siberian Medical Journal. 2014;29(2):79-84. (In Russ.). doi10.29001/2073-8552-2014-29-2-79-84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wadhera R.K., Steen D. L., Khan I., et al. A review of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies, and its impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. J Clin Lipidol. 2016;10(3):472-89. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wadhera R.K., Steen D. L., Khan I., et a l. A review of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, treatment strategies,  and its  impact  on cardiovascular  disease  morbidity  and mortality.  J  Clin  Lipidol. 2016;10(3):472-89. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.11.010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ершова А.И., Мешков А.Н., Якушин С.С. и др. Анализ клинической практики. Диагностика и лечение больных с выраженной гиперхолестеринемией в реальной амбулаторно-поликлинической практике (по данным регистра РЕКВАЗА). Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2014;10(6):612-616. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2014-10-6-612-616.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ershova A.I., Meshkov A.N., Yakushin S.S. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe hypercholesterolemia in real outpatient practice (according to the RECVASA registry). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2014;10(6):612-6. (In Russ.). doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2014-10-6-612-616.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сметнев С.А., Ершова А.И., Богданова Р.С. и др. Эффективность гиполипидемической терапии на амбулаторном и госпитальном этапах у пациентов высокого и очень высокого сердечно-сосудистого риска за период 2011-2015 г. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2016;12(6):622-30. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2016-12-6-622-630.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smetnev S.A., Ershova A.I., Bogdanova R.S. et al. The Effectiveness of Outpatient and Hospital Lipid-lowering Therapy in Patients with High and Very High Cardiovascular Risk during 2011-2015. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2016;12(6):622-30. (In Russ.). doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2016-12-6-622-630.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eriksson M., Forslund A.S., Jansson J.H., et al. Greater decreases in cholesterol levels among individuals with high cardiovascular risk than among the general population: The northern Sweden MONICA study 1994 to 2014. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(25):1985-92. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw052.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eriksson M., Forslund A.S., Jansson J.H., et al. Greater decreases in cholesterol levels among individuals with high cardiovascular risk than among the general population: The northern Sweden MONICA study 1994 to 2014. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(25):1985-92. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw052.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reiner Ž., De Backer G., Fras Z. et al. Lipid lowering drug therapy in patients with coronary heart disease from 24 European countries - Findings from the EUROASPIRE IV survey. Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:243-50. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reiner Ž., De Backer G., Fras Z. et al. Lipid lowering drug therapy in patients with coronary heart disease from 24 European countries - Findings from the EUROASPIRE IV survey.   Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:243-50. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stam Slob M.C., van der Graaf Y., Greving J.P. et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensifying lipid-lowering therapy with statins based on individual absolute benefit in coronary artery disease patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2). pii: e004648. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004648.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stam Slob M.C., van der Graaf Y., Greving J.P. et al. Cost-effectiveness of intensifying lipid-lowering therapy with statins based on individual absolute benefit in coronary artery disease patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2). pii: e004648. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004648.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гиляревский С.Р., Орлов В.А., Сычева Е.Ю. Экономичные стратегии лечения в кардиологии. Медицина Неотложных Состояний. 2007; 3(10):56-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gilyarevsky S.R., Orlov V.A., Sycheva E.Yu. Economical strategies of treatment in cardiology. Emergency Medicine. 2007;3(10):56-65 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусов Д.Ю., Афанасьева Е.В., Бекетов А.С. и др. Прогнозирование влияния статинов на прямые медицинские затраты при вторичной профилактике у пациентов с высоким риском развития сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Качественная Клиническая Практика. 2011;1:97-115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov D.Yu., Afanasyeva E.V., Beketov A.S., et al. Forecasting the effect of statins on direct medical costs in secondary prevention in patients with a high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Good Clinical Practice. 2011;1:97-115. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blackburn D.F., Dobson R.T., Blackburn J.L. et al. Cardiovascular morbidity associated with nonadherence to statin therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(8):1035-43. doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.8.1035.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blackburn D.F., Dobson R.T., Blackburn J.L. et al. Cardiovascular morbidity associated with nonadherence   to  statin   therapy.   Pharmacotherapy.   2005;25(8):1035-43.  doi:10.1592/phco.2005.25.8.1035.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foody J.M., Joyce A.T., Rudolph A.E. et al. Cardiovascular outcomes among patients newly initiating atorvastatin or simvastatin therapy: A large database analysis of managed care plans in the United States. Clin Ther. 2008;30(1):195-205. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.01.00.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foody J.M., Joyce A.T., Rudolph A.E. et al. Cardiovascular outcomes among patients newly initiating atorvastatin or simvastatin therapy:  A large database analysis of managed care plans in the United States. Clin Ther. 2008;30(1):195-205. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.01.00.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei L., Wang J., Thompson P. et al. Adherence to statin treatment and readmission of patients after myocardial infarction: a six year follow up study. Heart. 2002;88(3):22933. doi:10.1136/heart.88.3.229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei L., Wang J., Thompson P. et al. Adherence to statin treatment and readmission of patients after myocardial infarction: a six year follow up study. Heart. 2002;88(3):22933. doi:10.1136/heart.88.3.229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridker P.M., Morrow D.A., Rose L.M., et al. Relative efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg and pravastatin 40 mg in achieving the dual goals of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &lt;70 mg/dl and C-reactive protein &lt;2 mg/l: An analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI-22 trial. JACC. 2005;45(10):1644-8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.080.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridker P.M., Morrow D.A., Rose L.M., et al. Relative efficacy of atorvastatin 80 mg and pravastatin 40 mg in achieving the dual goals of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol &lt;70 mg/dl and C-reactive protein &lt;2 mg/l: An  analysis of the PROVE-IT TIMI-22 trial. JACC.  2005;45(10):1644-8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.080.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prospective Studies Collaboration. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370(9602):1829-39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prospective Studies Collaboration. Blood cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure: a meta-analysis of individual data from 61 prospective studies with 55 000 vascular deaths. Lancet. 2007;370(9602):1829-39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61778-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зырянов, С.К., Дьяков И.Н. Прогнозный экономический эффект применения алирокумаба у пациентов с гиперхолестеринемией и высоким сердечно-сосудистым риском. Клиническая Фармакология и Терапия. 2018;27(1):90-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziryanov S.K., Diakov I.N. Expected economic effect of the alirocumab administration in patients with hypercholesterolemia   and  high   cardiovascular   risk.   Clinical   Pharmacology   and  Therapy. 2018;27(1):90-6 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
