<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-1884</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POINT OF VIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Studies of Anticoagulant Therapy in Frail Elderly Patients: Problems of Terminology and Methodology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследования антикоагулянтной терапии у «хрупких» пожилых пациентов: проблемы терминологии и методологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0831-6320</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельдиев</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bel'diev</surname><given-names>Sergey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра терапии и кардиологии, доцент, SPIN-код 3313-6347</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chair of Therapy and Cardiology, Associate Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sbeldiev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведева</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedeva</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра терапии и кардиологии, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chair of Therapy and Cardiology, Associate Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinavlmed@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0635-3571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Платонов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Platonov</surname><given-names>Dmitry Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра терапии и кардиологии, зав. кафедрой</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chair of Therapy and Cardiology, Head</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">diplato64@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Труфанова</surname><given-names>Галина Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trufanova</surname><given-names>Galina Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра терапии и кардиологии, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chair of Therapy and Cardiology, Associate Professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trufanovagala@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тверской государственный медицинский университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Tver State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><elocation-id>1884</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Bel'diev S.N., Medvedeva I.V., Platonov D.Y., Trufanova G.Y., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бельдиев С.Н., Медведева И.В., Платонов Д.Ю., Труфанова Г.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bel'diev S.N., Medvedeva I.V., Platonov D.Y., Trufanova G.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1884">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/1884</self-uri><abstract><p>A recently published article (Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology 2018;6:908-16) on the problems of anticoagulant therapy in patients with frailty syndrome contains two statements which highlight rivaroxaban among other non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC): 1) none of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with NOAC (except for two RCTs with rivaroxaban – EINSTEIN-DVT and EINSTEIN-PE) contained data on the participation of frail patients; 2) one of the studies of real clinical practice showed that only therapy with rivaroxaban (out of three NOAC) in comparison to warfarin reduced the risk of stroke / systemic embolism and ischemic stroke in frail elderly patients with atrial fibrillation after 2 years of observation. The paper presents a critical analysis of these statements showing that the first statement is based on the incorrect use of the collective term “fragility” as a synonym for the term “frailty”, whereas the second statement is based on the results of a study that has a number of serious methodological limitations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В опубликованной недавно статье (Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии 2018;6:908-16), посвященной проблемам антикоагулянтной терапии у пациентов с синдромом старческой астении или «хрупкости» (frailty), приведены два положения, выделяющие ривароксабан среди других прямых пероральных антикоагулянтов (ППОАК): 1) ни одно из рандомизированных контролируемых исследований (РКИ) с ППОАК (за исключение двух РКИ с ривароксабаном – EINSTEIN-DVT и EINSTEIN-PE) не содержит данных об участии «хрупких» пациентов; 2) одно из исследований реальной клинической практики продемонстрировало, что из трех ППОАК по сравнению с варфарином только терапия ривароксабаном снижала риск инсульта / системной эмболии и ишемического инсульта у «хрупких» пожилых пациентов с фибрилляций предсердий через 2 года наблюдения. В настоящей работе представлен критический анализ этих положений, в котором показано, что в основе первого положения лежит некорректное использование собирательного понятия «fragility» как синонима термина «frailty», а второе положение опирается на результаты исследования, имеющего ряд серьезных методологических ограничений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>старческая астения</kwd><kwd>хрупкость</kwd><kwd>ривароксабан</kwd><kwd>апиксабан</kwd><kwd>дабигатран</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>frailty</kwd><kwd>fragility</kwd><kwd>rivaroxaban</kwd><kwd>apixaban</kwd><kwd>dabigatran</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vorobyeva NM, Tkacheva ON. Anticoagulant therapy in “fragile” elderly patients: current state of the problem. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(6):908-16 (In Russ.) [Воробьева Н.М., Ткачева О.Н. Антикоагулянтная терапия у «хрупких» пожилых пациентов: современное состояние проблемы. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2018;14(6):908-16]. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-6-908-916.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vorobyeva NM, Tkacheva ON. Anticoagulant therapy in “fragile” elderly patients: current state of the problem. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2018;14(6):908-16 (In Russ.) doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2018-14-6-908-916.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Büller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, et al.; EINSTEIN-PE Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(14):1287-97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1113572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Büller HR, Prins MH, Lensin AW, et al.; EINSTEIN-PE Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(14):1287-97. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1113572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prins MH, Lensing AW, Bauersachs R, et al.; EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban versus standard therapy for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism: a pooled analysis of the EINSTEIN-DVT and PE randomized studies. Thromb J. 2013;11(1):21. doi:10.1186/1477-9560-11-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prins MH, Lensing AW, Bauersachs R, et al.; EINSTEIN Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban versus standard therapy for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism: a pooled analysis of the EINSTEIN-DVT and PE randomized studies. Thromb J. 2013;11(1):21. doi:10.1186/1477-9560-11-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al.; Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K. A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr. 2008;8:24. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-8-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Searle SD, Mitnitski A, Gahbauer EA, Gill TM, Rockwood K. A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr. 2008;8:24. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-8-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bel'diev SN, Platonov DJu. A typical mistake in prescribing rivaroxaban to elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Russian Heart Journal. 2017;16(3):207-12 (In Russ.) [Бельдиев С.Н., Платонов Д.Ю. Типичная ошибка при назначении ривароксабана пожилым больным с фибрилляцией предсердий. Сердце: журнал для практикующих врачей. 2017;16(3):207-12]. doi:10.18087/rhj.2017.3.2345.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bel'diev SN, Platonov DJu. A typical mistake in prescribing rivaroxaban to elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Russian Heart Journal. 2017;16(3):207-12 (In Russ.) doi:10.18087/rhj.2017.3.2345.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halvorsen S, Atar D, Yang H, et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to age for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: observations from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(28):1864-72. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halvorsen S, Atar D, Yang H, et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to age for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: observations from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(28):1864-72. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eikelboom JW, Wallentin L, Connolly SJ, et al. Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation. 2011;123(21):2363-72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004747.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eikelboom JW, Wallentin L, Connolly SJ, et al. Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation. 2011;123(21):2363-72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004747.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Wojdyla DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin among elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation. 2014;130(2):138-46. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Wojdyla DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin among elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation. 2014;130(2):138-46. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lauw MN, Eikelboom JW1, Coppens M, et al. Effects of dabigatran according to age in atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2017;103(13):1015-23. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310358.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lauw MN, Eikelboom JW1, Coppens M, et al. Effects of dabigatran according to age in atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2017;103(13):1015-23. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310358.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martinez BK, Sood NA, Bunz TJ, Coleman CI. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban versus warfarin in frail patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Apr 13;7(8):e008643. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.008643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martinez BK, Sood NA, Bunz TJ, Coleman CI. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban versus warfarin in frail patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Apr 13;7(8):e008643. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.008643.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martsevich SYu, Kutishenko NP. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies: the ratio in the hierarchy of evidence of the efficacy of drugs. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2016;12(5):567-73 (In Russ.) [Марцевич С.Ю., Кутишенко Н.П. Рандомизированные клинические исследования и наблюдательные исследования: соотношение в иерархии доказательств эффективности лекарств. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2016;12(5):567-73]. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2016-12-5-567-573.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martsevich SYu, Kutishenko NP. Randomized clinical trials and observational studies: the ratio in the hierarchy of evidence of the efficacy of drugs. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2016;12(5):567-73 (In Russ.) doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2016-12-5-567-573.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martsevich SYu, Lukina YV, Kutishenko NP. Once again about the hierarchy of evidences in medicine or whether it is possible to choose the most effective and safe drug with the help of observational studies. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(2):270-4 (In Russ.) [Марцевич С.Ю., Лукина Ю.В., Кутишенко Н.П. Еще раз об иерархии доказательств в медицине, или можно ли с помощью наблюдательных исследований решить вопрос о выборе наиболее эффективного и безопасного препарата. Рациональная фармакотерапия в кардиологии. 2017;13(2):270-4]. doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-2-270-274.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martsevich SYu, Lukina YV, Kutishenko NP. Once again about the hierarchy of evidences in medicine or whether it is possible to choose the most effective and safe drug with the help of observational studies. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2017;13(2):270-4 (In Russ.) doi:10.20996/1819-6446-2017-13-2-270-274.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arutyunov GP, Arhipov MV, Bakalov IN, et al. Place and significance of observational studies of NOACs in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. Russian Heart Journal. 2016;15(6):441-7 (In Russ.) [Арутюнов Г.П., Архипов М.В., Бакалов И.Н. и др. Место и значение наблюдательных исследований НОАК у пациентов с неклапанной фибрилляцией предсердий с позиции медицины, основанной на доказательствах. Сердце: журнал для практикующих врачей. 2016;15(6):441-7]. doi:10.18087/rhj.2016.6.2297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arutyunov GP, Arhipov MV, Bakalov IN, et al. Place and significance of observational studies of NOACs in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine. Russian Heart Journal. 2016;15(6):441-7 (In Russ.) doi:10.18087/rhj.2016.6.2297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">US Food and Drug Administration. Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate mesylate): full prescribing information. Revised: 03/2018. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/022512s035lbl.pdf. Accessed by March 3, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">US Food and Drug Administration. Pradaxa (dabigatran etexilate mesylate): full prescribing information. Revised: 03/2018. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/022512s035lbl.pdf. Accessed by March 3, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The State Register of Medical Products. Pradaxa prescribing information (In Russ.) [Государственный реестр лекарственных средств. Инструкция по применению лекарственного препарата для медицинского применения Прадакса]. Available at: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Grls_View_v2.aspx?routingGuid=bb76178c-cf95-4cbd-9883-6ba08ccb508d&amp;t=. Accessed by March 3, 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The State Register of Medical Products. Pradaxa prescribing information (In Russ.) [Государственный реестр лекарственных средств. Инструкция по применению лекарственного препарата для медицинского применения Прадакса]. Available at: https://grls.rosminzdrav.ru/Grls_View_v2.aspx?routingGuid=bb76178c-cf95-4cbd-9883-6ba08ccb508d&amp;t=. Accessed by March 3, 2019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coleman CI, Turpie A, Bunz TJ, Sood N. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban versus warfarin in frail patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 March 20;71(S11):A290. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(18)30831-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coleman CI, Turpie A, Bunz TJ, Sood N. Effectiveness and safety of apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban versus warfarin in frail patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 March 20;71(S11):A290. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(18)30831-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
