References

rpcardio

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology

Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии

1819-64462225-3653

«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC

10.20996/1819-6446-2021-02-09

rpcardio-2390

Research Article

PREVENTIVE CARDIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

ПРОФИЛАКТИЧЕСКАЯ КАРДИОЛОГИЯ И ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ ЗДОРОВЬЕ

Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors, Prognosis, Unresolved Problems and Possible Methods of Prevention

Инфаркт миокарда, осложненный ишемическим инсультом: факторы риска, прогноз, нерешенные проблемы и перспективы профилактики

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0954-9270

Зыков

М. В.

Zykov

M. V.

Зыков Михаил Валерьевич

Кемерово, Сочи

eLibrary SPIN: 3357-1829

Mikhail V. Zykov

Kemerovo, Sochi

eLibrary SPIN: 3357-1829

mvz83@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5508-5118

Буцев

В. В.

Butsev

V. V.

Буцев Вадим Вячеславович

Сочи

eLibrary SPIN: 9729-632

Vadim V. Butsev

Sochi

eLibrary SPIN: 9729-632

Сулейманов

Р. Р.

Suleymanov

R. R.

Сулейманов Рафаэль Ринатович

Сургут

Rafael R. Suleymanov

Surgut

Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний; Городская больница №4РоссияResearch Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases; Sochi City Hospital №4Russian Federation

Городская больница №4РоссияSochi City Hospital №4Russian Federation

Окружной кардиологический диспансер, «Центр диагностики и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии»РоссияDistrict Cardiology Dispensary, Center for Diagnosis and Cardiovascular SurgeryRussian Federation

2021

02032021

1717382

2021

Зыков М.В., Буцев В.В., Сулейманов Р.Р.

Zykov M.V., Butsev V.V., Suleymanov R.R.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2390

The present work is devoted to the analysis of modern publications on various aspects of the development and course of ischemic stroke in the presence of acute myocardial infarction. A literature search was conducted on the websites of cardiological and neurological societies, as well as on the PubMed, EMBASE, eLibrary databases using the keywords: myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke. The authors of this review found that although stroke is a relatively rare complication of myocardial infarction, its prevention is an extremely significant task, since it is associated with high mortality, disability and a significant increase in the cost of treatment. So, it is extremely important to detect thrombosis of the left ventricular cavity in a timely manner, to register preexisting atrial fibrillation that occurs earlier or for the first time, followed by the appointment of anticoagulant therapy. Timely reperfusion treatment, the use of statins and modern dual antithrombotic therapy can reduce the risk of developing cerebrovascular accident in patients with myocardial infarction. It is likely that a decrease in the activity of subclinical inflammation after myocardial infarction will also reduce the risk of stroke, as was recently shown in the COLCOT study. Currently, it remains relevant to search for new knowledge about the risk factors for stroke, which complicated the course of myocardial infarction, which will allow developing more effective and personalized preventive measures in a patient with acute coronary syndrome.

Настоящая работа представляет собой анализ современных публикаций, посвященных различным аспектам развития и течения ишемического инсульта на фоне острого инфаркта миокарда (ИМ). Поиск литературы был проведен на сайтах кардиологических и неврологических обществ, а также по базам данных PubMed, EMBASE, eLibrary с использованием ключевых слов: инфаркт миокарда, острый коронарный синдром, инсульт, острое нарушение мозгового кровообращения, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke. Авторами настоящего обзора установлено, что, хотя инсульт и относится к достаточно редким осложнениям ИМ, его профилактика является важной задачей, поскольку он ассоциируется с высокой летальностью, инвалидизацией и значительным повышением стоимости лечения. Так, важно своевременно выявить тромбоз полости левого желудочка, зарегистрировать существующую ранее или впервые возникшую фибрилляцию предсердий с последующим назначением антикоагулянтной терапии. Своевременное реперфузионное лечение, назначение статинов и современной двойной антитромботической терапии может снизить риск развития нарушения мозгового кровообращения у больных ИМ. Вполне вероятно, что снижение активности субклинического воспаления после ИМ также позволит снизить риска инсульта, что было недавно показано в исследовании COLCOT. Таким образом, в настоящее время остается актуальным поиск новых знаний о факторах риска инсульта, осложнившего течение ИМ, что позволит разработать более эффективные и персонализированные меры профилактики у пациента с острой коронарной катастрофой.

инфаркт миокардаишемический инсультфакторы рискапрофилактикаострый коронарный синдром

myocardial infarctionischemic strokerisk factorsprevention

References1

WHO. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Key facts [cited by Jan 25, 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds).

Boehme A.K., Esenwa C., Elkind M.S. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):472-95. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308398.

Чичкова М.А., Козлова О.С., Орлов Ф.В. Особенности сочетания инфаркта миокарда и острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения. Астраханский Медицинский Журнал. 2016;11(1):55-63.

Chichkova M.A., Kozlova O.S., Orlov F.V. Features of the combination of myocardial infarction and acute stroke. Astrakhan Medical Journal. 2016;11(1):55-63 (In Russ.)

Суслина З.А., Фонякин А.В., Гераскина Л.А. и др. Практическая кардионеврология. М.: ИМА-ПРЕСС; 2010.

Suslina Z.A., Fonjakin A.V., Geraskina L.A., et al. Practical Cardioneurology. Moscow: IMA-PRESS; 2010 (In Russ.)

Merkler A.E., Sigurdsson S., Eiriksdottir G., et al. Association Between Unrecognized Myocardial Infarction and Cerebral Infarction on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(8):956- 61. DOI:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1226.

Merkler A.E., Diaz I., Wu X., et al. Duration of heightened ischemic stroke risk after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(22):e010782. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.118.010782.

Putaala J., Nieminen T. Stroke Risk Period After Acute Myocardial Infarction Revised. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(22):e011200. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.118.011200.

Hariri E., Tisminetzky M., Lessard D., et al. Twenty-five-year (1986-2011) trends in the incidence and death rates of stroke complicating acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med. 2018;131(9):1086-94. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.04.018.

O'Sullivan A.K., Rubin J., Nyambose J., et al. Cost estimation of cardiovascular disease events in the US. Pharmacoeconomics. 2011;29(8):693-704. DOI:10.2165/11584620-000000000-00000.

Budaj A., Flasinska K., Gore J.M., et al. Magnitude of and risk factors for in-hospital and postdischarge stroke in patients with acute coronary syndromes findings from a global registry of acute coronary events. Circulation. 2005;111(24):3242-7. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.512806.

Brammås A., Jakobsson S., Ulvenstam A., Mooe T. Mortality after ischemic stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction: predictors and trends over time in Sweden. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3050- 5. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001434.

Окшина Е.Ю., Лукьянов М.М., Марцевич С.Ю., и др. Больные с сочетанием перенесенных инфаркта миокарда и острого нарушения мозгового кровообращения в клинической практике: демографические и клиникоанамнестические характеристики, медикаментозное лечение и исходы (данные амбулаторных и госпитального регистров РЕГИОН). Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии 2019;15(5):656-62. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2019-15-5-656-662.

Okshina E.Yu., Loukianov M.M., Martsevich S.Yu., et al. Patients with History of Myocardial Infarction and Acute Cerebrovascular Accidentin Clinical Practice: Demographic, Clinical Characteristics, Drug Treatment and Outcomes (Data of Outpatient and Hospital Registry REGION). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2019;15(5):656-662 (In Russ.) DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2019-15-5-656-662.

Nakaoka T., Sada T., Kira Y., et al. Risk factors for the complication of cerebral infarction in Japanese patients with acute myocardial infarction. Jpn Heart J. 1989;30(5):635-43. DOI:10.1536/ihj.30.635.

Komrad M.S., Coffey C.E., Coffey K.S., et al. Myocardial infarction and stroke. Neurology. 1984;34(11):1403-9. DOI:10.1212/wnl.34.11.1403.

Thompson P.L., Robinson J.S. Stroke after acute myocardial infarction: relation to infarct size. Br Med J. 1978;2(6135):457-9. DOI:10.1136/bmj.2.6135.457.

Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group Lancet. 1988;2(8607):349-60. PMID: 2899772.

Maggioni A.P., Franzosi M.G., Santoro E., et al. The risk of stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction after thrombolytic and antithrombotic treatment. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico II (GISSI-2), and The International Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(1):1-6. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199207023270101.

Аверков О.В., Павликова Е.П., Тюлькина Е.Е. Место системного тромболизиса в современнной реперфузионной терапии инфаркта миокарда. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2014;9(113):77-83. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2014-9-77-83.

Averkov O.V., Pavlikova E.P., Tyulkina E.E. The place for systemic thrombolysis in modern reperfusion methods for myocardial infarction. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2014;(9):77-83 (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2014-9-77-83.

Spencer F.A., Gore J.M., Yarzebski J., et al. Trends (1986 to 1999) in the incidence and outcomes of in-hospital stroke complicating acute myocardial infarction (The Worcester Heart Attack Study). The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003;92(4):383-8. DOI:10.1001/archinte.168.19.2104.

Luo J., Li H., Qin X., et al. Increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation complicating acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2018;265:125-31. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.096.

Witt B.J., Ballman K.V., Brown R.D. Jr., et al. The incidence of stroke after myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006;119(4):354.e1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.10.058.

Witt B.J., Brown R.D. Jr., Jacobsen S.J., et al. A community-based study of stroke incidence after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(11):785-92. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-143-11-200512060-00006.

Ulvenstam A., Kajermo U., Modica A., et al. Incidence, Trends, and Predictors of Ischemic Stroke 1 Year After an Acute Myocardial Infarction. Stroke. 2014;45(11):3263-8. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005770.

Hachet O., Guenancia C., Stamboul K., et al. Frequency and predictors of stroke after acute myocardial infarction: specific aspects of in-hospital and postdischarge events. Stroke. 2014;45(12):3514- 20. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.006707.

Li S., Peng Y., Wang X., et al. Cardiovascular events and death after myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke in an older Medicare population. Clin Cardiol. 2019;42(3):391-9. DOI:10.1002/clc.23160.

Mooe T., Olofsson B.O., Stegmayr B., Eriksson P. Ischemic stroke. Impact of a recent myocardial infarction. Stroke. 1999;30(5):997-1001. DOI:10.1161/01.str.30.5.997.

Савчук Е.А., Шевченко И.В., Савчук О.М. Кардиогенные инсульты: причины, механизмы развития, особенности течения. Крымский Терапевтический Журнал. 2018;(3):53-8.

Savchuk E.A., Shevchenko I.V., Savchuk O.M. Cardiogenic insults: causes, mechanisms of development, peculiarities of the current. Krymskij Terapevticheskij Zhurnal. 2018;(3):53-8 (In Russ.)

Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В. Клинические рекомендации. Диагностика и лечение артериальной гипертонии. Системные Гипертензии. 2019;16(1):6-31.

Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Yu.V. Clinical guidelines. Diagnosis and treatment of arterial hypertension. Systemic Hypertension. 2019;16(1):6-31 (In Russ.)

Бойцов С.А., Погосова Н.В., Бубнова М.Г., и др. Кардиоваскулярная профилактика 2017. Российские национальные рекомендации. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2018;23(6):7-122. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122.

Bojcov S.A., Pogosova N.V., Bubnova M.G., et al. Cardiovascular prevention 2017. National guidelines. Russ J Cardiol. 2018;23(6):7-122 (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122.

Chen Z., Venkat P., Seyfried D., et al. Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke. Circ Res. 2017;121(4):451-68. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311170.

AdamsJr H.P., Bendixen B.H., Kappelle L.J., et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35-41. DOI:10.1161/01.str.24.1.35.

Amarenco P., Bogousslavsky J., Caplan L.R., et al. New approach to stroke subtyping: the A-S-C-O (phenotypic) classification of stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(5):502-28. DOI:10.1159/000210433.

Ay H., Furie K.L., Singhal A., et al. An evidence-based causative classification system for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2005;58(5):688-97. DOI:10.1002/ana.20617.

Cronin L., Mehta S.R., Zhao F., et al. Stroke in relation to cardiac procedures in patients with non-STelevation acute coronary syndrome: a study involving >18 000 patients. Circulation. 2001;104(3):269-74. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.104.3.269.

Kajermo U., Ulvenstam A., Modica A., et al. Incidence, trends, and predictors of ischemic stroke 30 days after an acute myocardial infarction. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1324-30. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001963.

Ferreira J.P., Girerd N., Gregson J., et al. stroke risk in patients with reduced ejection fraction after myocardial infarction without atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(7):727-35. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.011.

Jakobsson S., Graipe A., Huber D., et al. The risk of ischemic stroke after an acute myocardial infarction in patients with decreased renal function. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37(6):460-9. DOI:10.1159/000363616.

Барбараш О.Л., Кашталап В.В. Выявление латентного некоронарного атеросклероза у пациентов с острым коронарным синдромом. Есть ли смысл? Комплексные Проблемы Сердечно-сосудистых Заболеваний 2012;(1):12-6.

Barbarash O.L., Kashtalap V.V. Diagnosis of latent forms of non-coronary atherosclerosis in acute coronary syndrome patients. Is there any practical sense? Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2012;(1):12-6 (In Russ.)

Hagström E., James S.K., Bertilsson M., et al. Growth differentiation factor-15 level predicts major bleeding and cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results from the PLATO study. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(16):1325-33. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv491.

Дамулин И.В., Андреев Д.А., Салпагарова З.К. Кардиоэмболический инсульт. Неврология, Нейропсихиатрия, Психосоматика. 2015;(1):80-6. DOI:10.14412/2074-2711-2015-1-80-86.

Damulin I.V., Andreev D.A., Salpagarova Z.K. Cardioembolic stroke. Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2015;(1):80-6 (In Russ.) DOI:10.14412/2074-2711-2015-1-80-86.

Delewi R., Zijlstra F., Piek J.J. Left ventricular thrombus formation after acutemyocardial infarction. Heart. 2012;98(23):1743-9. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2012-301962.

Nihoyannopoulos P., Smith G.C., Maseri A., Foale R.A. The natural history of left ventricular thrombus in myocardial infarction: a rationale in support of masterly inactivity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14(4):903-11. DOI:10.1016/0735-1097(89)90463-4.

Vecchio C., Chiarella F., Lupi G., et al. Left ventricular thrombus in anterior acute myocardial infarction after thrombolysis: a GISSI-2 connected study. Circulation. 1991;84(2):512-9. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.84.2.512.

Driesman A., Hyder O., Lang C., et al. Incidence and predictors of left ventricular thrombus after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol. 2015;38(10):590-7. DOI:10.1002/clc.22450.

Khoury S., Carmon S., Margolis G., et al. Incidence and outcomes of early left ventricular thrombus following ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Res Cardiol. 2017;106(9):695-701. DOI:10.1007/s00392-017-1111-4.

Bulluck H., Chan M.H.H., Paradies V., et al. Incidence and predictors of left ventricular thrombus by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2018;20(1):72. DOI:10.1186/s12968-018-0494-3.

Phan J., Nguyen T., French J., et al. Incidence and predictors of left ventricular thrombus formation following acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A serial cardiac MRI study. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2019;24:100395. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcha.2019.100395.

Weinsaft J.W., Kim J., Medicherla C.B., et al. Echocardiographic algorithm for post-myocardial infarction LV thrombus a gatekeeper for Thrombus evaluation by delayed enhancement CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(5):505-15. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.06.017.

Poss J., Desch S., Eitel C., et al. Left ventricular thrombus formation after st-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: insights from a cardiac magnetic resonance multicenter study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(10):e003417. DOI:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003417.

Gellen B., Biere L., Logeart D., et al. timing of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging impacts on the detection rate of left ventricular thrombus after myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(11):1404-5. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.12.006.

Meurin P., Brandao Carreira V., Dumaine R., et al. Incidence, diagnostic methods, and evolution of left ventricular thrombus in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and low left ventricular ejection fraction: a prospective multicenter study. Am Heart J. 2015;170(2):256-62. DOI:10.1016/j.ahj.2015.04.029.

Mir J.U., Raheel Jahangir J., Asfandyar Q., et al. Left ventricular thrombus in patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2014;26(4):491-5. PMID: 25672172.

Braga C.G., Ramos V., Martins J., et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation type during acute coronary syndromes: Clinical features and prognosis. Rev Port Cardiol. 2015;34(6):403-10. DOI:10.1016/j.repc.2015.01.010.

Schmitt J., Duray G., Gersh B.J., Hohnloser S.H. Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the incidence, clinical features and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(9):1038-45. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn579.

Podolecki T., Lenarczyk R., Kowalczyk J., et al. Effect of type of atrial fibrillation on prognosis in acute myocardial infarction treated invasively. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(12):1689-93. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.02.009.

Angeli F., Reboldi G., Garofoli M., et al. Atrial fibrillation and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a systematic overview and meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2012;14(5):601-10. DOI:10.1007/s11886-012-0289-3.

Maagh P., Butz T., Wickenbrock I., et al. New-onset versus chronic atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: differences in short- and long-term follow-up. Clin Res Cardiol. 2011;100(2):167-75. DOI:10.1007/s00392-010-0227-6.

Zusman O., Amit G., Gilutz H., Zahger D. The significance of new onset atrial fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2012;101(1):17-22. DOI:10.1007/s00392-011-0357-5.

Bang C.N., Gislason G.H., Greve A.M., et al. New-onset atrial fibrillation is associated with cardiovascular events leading to death in a first time myocardial infarction population of 89,703 patients with long-term follow-up: a nationwide study, J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2014;3(1):e000382. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.113.000382.

Congo K.H., Belo A., Carvalho J., et al. New-onset atrial fibrillation in st-segment elevation myocardial infarction: predictors and impact on therapy and mortality. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019;113(5):948-57. DOI:10.5935/abc.20190190.

Asanin M.R., Vasiljevic Z.M., Matic M.D., et al. The long-term risk of stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated with new-onset atrial fibrillation. Clin Cardiol. 2009;32(8):467- 70. DOI:10.1002/clc.20603.

Siu C.W., Jim M.H., Ho H.H., et al. Transient atrial fibrillation complicating acute inferior myocardial infarction: implications for future risk of ischemic stroke. Chest. 2007;132(1):44-9. DOI:10.1378/chest.06-2733.

Jabre P., Jouven X., Adnet F., et al. Atrial fibrillation and death after myocardial infarction: a community study. Circulation. 2011;123(19):2094-100. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.990192.

Kamel H., Bartz T.M., Elkind M.S.V., et al. Atrial cardiopathy and the risk of ischemic stroke in the CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study). Stroke. 2018;49(4):980-6. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.020059.

Shiyovich A., Axelrod M., Gilutz H., Plakht Y. Early versus late new-onset atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: differences in clinical characteristics and predictors. Angiology. 2019;70(10):921-8. DOI:10.1177/0003319719867542.

Iwakura K., Okamura A., Koyama Y., et al. Abstract 15315: Clinical Risk Factors for Onset of Atrial Fibrillation Early After Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2016;134:A15315.

Loeffen R., van Oerle R., Leers M.P., et al. Factor XIa and thrombin generation are elevated in patients with acute coronary syndrome and predict recurrent cardiovascular events. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158355. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0158355.

Fioranelli M., Bottaccioli A.G., Bottaccioli F., et al. Stress and inflammation in coronary artery disease: a review psychoneuroendocrineimmunology-based. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2031 DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02031.

Nambiar V.K., Chalappurath D.R. Thrombotic tendencies in excess catecholamine states. In: Biogenic amines in neurotransmission and human disease, Ahmet Uçar, Intech Open. DOI:10.5772/intechopen.81929. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/biogenic-amines-in-neurotransmission-and-human-disease/thrombotic-tendencies-in-excess-catecholamine-states.

Hansson G.K., Libby P., Tabas I. Inflammation and plaque vulnerability. J Intern Med 2015;278(5):483-93. DOI:10.1111/joim.12406.

Lombardo A., Biasucci L.M., Lanza G.A., et al. Inflammation as a possible link between coronary and carotid plaque instability. Circulation. 2004;109(25):3158-63. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000130786.28008.56.

Ibanez B., James S., Agewall S., et al. 2017 Guidelines for themanagement of acutemyocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-77. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393.

Kwok C.S., Kontopantelis E., Myint P.K., et al. Stroke following percutaneous coronary intervention: type-specific incidence, outcomes and determinants seen by the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society 2007-12. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(25):1618-28. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv113.

Moreyra A.E., Maniatis G.A., Gu H., et al. Frequency of stroke after percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting (from an eleven-year statewide analysis). Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(2):197-202. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.09.046.

Myint P.K., Kwok C.S., Roffe C., et al. Determinants and outcomes of stroke following percutaneous coronary intervention by indication. Stroke. 2016;47(6):1500-7. DOI:10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.012700.

Lund C., Nes R.B., Ugelstad T.P., et al. Cerebral emboli during left heart catheterization may cause acute brain injury. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(13):1269-75. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi148.

Gaudino M., Angiolillo D.J., Di Franco A., et al. Stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention: incidence, pathogenesis, and outcomes. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(13):e013032. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.119.013032.

Tian Y., Yang C., Liu H. CHA2DS2‐VASc score as predictor of ischemic stroke in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11404. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-11923-5.

Varmdal T., Janszky I., Bakken I.J., et al. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention as a Trigger for Stroke. Am J Cardiol. 2017;119(1):35-9. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.09.012.

Hurlen M., Abdelnoor M., Smith P., et al. Warfarin, aspirin, or both after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(13):969-74. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa020496.

Andreotti F., Testa L., Biondi-Zoccai G.G., Crea F. Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(5):519-26. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi485.

Homma S., Thompson J.L., Pullicino P.M., et al. Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(20):1859-69. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1202299.

Le May M.R., Acharya S., Wells G.A., et al. Prophylactic warfarin therapy after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(1 Pt B):155-62. DOI:10.1016/j.jcin.2014.07.018.

Mega J.L., Braunwald E., Wiviott S.D., et al. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(1):9-19. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1112277.

Eikelboom J.W., Connolly S.J., Bosch J., et al. Rivaroxaban with or without aspirin in stable cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(14):1319-30. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1709118.

Mehra M.R., Vaduganathan M., Fu M., et al. A comprehensive analysis of the effects of rivaroxaban on stroke or transient ischaemic attack in patients with heart failure, coronary artery disease, and sinus rhythm: the COMMANDER HF trial. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(44):3593-602. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz427.

O’Gara P.T., Kushner F.G., Ascheim D.D., et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;127(4):e362-425. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6.

Guyatt G.H., Akl E.A., Crowther M., et al. Executive summary: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: american college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):7S-47S. DOI:10.1378/chest.1412S3.

Bastiany A., Grenier M.E., Matteau A., et al. Prevention of left ventricular thrombus formation and systemic embolism after anterior myocardial infarction: a systematic literature review. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33(10):1229-36. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.07.479.

Tardif J.C., Kouz S., Waters D.D., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine After Myocardial Infarction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(26):2497-505. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1912388.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.