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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2021-06-12</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-2510</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS OF CARDIOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СМЕЖНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ КАРДИОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Intestinal Microbial-tissue Complex and Chronic Heart Failure (part 1): Pathogenesis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микробно-тканевой комплекс кишечника и хроническая сердечная недостаточность (часть 1): патогенез</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7915-3792</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Власов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vlasov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Власов Андрей Александрович – eLibrary SPIN 2801-1228</p><p>Вольск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p>Andrey A. Vlasov - eLibrary SPIN 2801-1228</p><p>Volsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tuv2@vmeda.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4839-9578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саликова</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Salikova</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саликова Светлана Петровна – eLibrary SPIN 2012-8481</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana P. Salikova - eLibrary SPIN 2012-8481</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3064-9420</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Головкин</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golovkin</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Головкин Никита Владимирович</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikita V. Golovkin</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1095-8787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гриневич</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grinevich</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гриневич Владимир Борисович – eLibrary SPIN 1178-0242</p><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir B. Grinevich - eLibrary SPIN 1178-0242</p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>33-й Центральный научно-исследовательский испытательный институт</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>33th Central research and testing Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Военно-медицинская академия имени С.М. Кирова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская больница Святого Великомученика Георгия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg City hospital of Saint George</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>462</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Vlasov A.A., Salikova S.P., Golovkin N.V., Grinevich V.B., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Власов А.А., Саликова С.П., Головкин Н.В., Гриневич В.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vlasov A.A., Salikova S.P., Golovkin N.V., Grinevich V.B.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2510">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2510</self-uri><abstract><p>Antigenic and metabolic integration of the intestinal microbiota into the homeostasis of the human body is a factor that claims to play a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. It acquires special significance against the background of the decrease in blood circulation and congestion in the digestive system during chronic heart failure. Aim of the review is analysis and synthesis of studies results on the role of intestinal microbiocenosis in the pathogenesis of heart remodeling and chronic heart failure. The search for articles was conducted in databases eLIBRARY.RU and Medline for the key terms "gut microbiota (microbiome, microbiocenosis)", "dysbiosis (dysbacteriosis)", "excessive bacterial growth syndrome", "lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)", "trimethylamine-N-oxide" in combination with the terms "heart failure", "myocardial remodeling", "myocardium" in Russian and English, respectively. We selected articles containing the results of clinical and experimental studies published from 1995 to 2020. Review articles were considered only on the subject of the cited original publications. Most researchers have established the relationship between chronic heart failure and dysfunction and changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of intestinal microbiocenosis. As negative changes, it is customary to note the proliferation of gram-negative opportunistic bacteria with concomitant endotoxinemia and a decrease in the pool of commensal microbiota. The available data suggest that the participation of the intestinal microbial-tissue complex in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure and heart remodeling is realized through the activation of a local and then systemic inflammatory response, accompanied by cardiodepressive action of pro-inflammatory cytokines and universal proliferation factors, an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, the initiation of apoptosis, fibrosis, and loss of contractile myocardium. Besides, a decrease in the production of short-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamins by the commensal microbiota may be associated with changes in the electrical properties of cardiomyocyte membranes, a decrease in the systolic function of the left ventricle of the heart, and an increase in the risk of sudden cardiac death. It's also shown that the direct cardiotoxic effect of microbial molecules (lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, trimethylamine-N-oxide, etc.), which interact with the receptors of cardiomyocytes and microenvironment cells, can cause the development of myocardial remodeling and its dysfunction. Recent studies have established mechanisms of myocardial remodeling mediated by microbial molecules, which may be associated with new strategies for the treatment and prevention of heart failure.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Антигенная и метаболическая интеграция микробиоты кишечника в гомеостаз организма человека – фактор, претендующий на одну из ключевых ролей в патогенезе сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Он приобретает особенное значение на фоне гипоциркуляции и застойных явлений в органах пищеварения при хронической сердечной недостаточности. Цель обзора: анализ и обобщение результатов исследований, посвященных роли микробиоценоза кишечника в патогенезе ремоделирования сердца и хронической сердечной недостаточности. Поиск статей проводили в базах данных eLIBRARY.RU и Medline по ключевым терминам «микробиота (микробиом, микробиоценоз) кишечника», «дисбиоз (дисбактериоз)», «синдром избыточного бактериального роста», «липополисахарид (эндотоксин)», «триметиламин-N-оксид» в сочетании с терминами «сердечная недостаточность», «ремоделирование миокарда», «миокард» на русском и английском языках. Отбирали статьи, содержащие результаты клинических и экспериментальных исследований, опубликованные с 1995 по 2020 гг. Обзорные статьи рассматривали только на предмет цитируемых оригинальных публикаций. Большинством исследователей установлена сопутствующая хронической сердечной недостаточности дисфункция кишечника и изменение качественного и количественного состава его микробиоценоза. В качестве негативных сдвигов принято отмечать пролиферацию грамотрицательных условно-патогенных бактерий с сопутствующей эндотоксинемией и уменьшение пула комменсальной микробиоты. Имеющиеся сведения позволяют предполагать, что участие микробно-тканевого комплекса кишечника в патогенезе хронической сердечной недостаточности и ремоделировании сердца реализуется посредством активации местного, затем – системного воспалительного ответа, сопровождающегося кардиодепрессивным действием провоспалительных цитокинов и универсальных факторов пролиферации, дисбалансом матричных металлопротеиназ и их ингибиторов, инициацией апоптоза, фиброза, утратой сократительного миокарда. Кроме того, уменьшение выработки короткоцепочечных и полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, витаминов комменсальной микробиотой может быть связано с изменением электрических свойств мембран кардиомиоцитов, снижением систолической функции левого желудочка сердца, увеличением риска внезапной сердечной смерти. Показано также прямое кардиотоксическое действие молекул микробного происхождения (липополисахаридов, пептидогликанов, триметиламин-N-оксида и т.д.), которые, взаимодействуя с рецепторами кардиомиоцитов и клеток микроокружения, способны вызывать развитие ремоделирования миокарда и его дисфункцию. Исследованиями последних лет установлены опосредованные молекулами микробного происхождения механизмы ремоделирования миокарда, с воздействием на которые могут быть связаны новые стратегии терапии и профилактики сердечной недостаточности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>кишечник</kwd><kwd>липополисахарид</kwd><kwd>миокард</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heart failure</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>intestines</kwd><kwd>lipopolysaccharide</kwd><kwd>myocardium</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Арутюнов Г.П, Кафарская Л.И, Былова Н.А. и др. Качественные и количественные показатели микрофлоры толстого кишечника при различных функциональных классах хронической сердечной недостаточности. 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DOI:10.1017/S0007114514000117.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
