rpcardioRational Pharmacotherapy in CardiologyРациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии1819-64462225-3653«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC10.20996/1819-6446-2021-07-01rpcardio-2517Research ArticleTHERAPY GUIDELINESРЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ЛЕЧЕНИЮArterial hypertension and antihypertensive therapy in older patients. The agreed opinion of experts from the Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians, the Antihypertensive League, the National Society for Preventive CardiologyАртериальная гипертония и антигипертензивная терапия у пациентов старших возрастных групп. Согласованное мнение экспертов Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров, Антигипертензивной Лиги, Национального общества профилактической кардиологии.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4193-688XТкачеваО. Н.TkachevaO. N.

Ткачёва Ольга Николаевна

Olga N. Tkacheva

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-7864КотовскаяЮ. В.KotovskayaYu. V.

Котовская Юлия Викторовна

Julia V. Kotovskaya

kotovskaya_yv@rgnkc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5272-0454РунихинаН. К.RunikhinaN. K.

Рунихина Надежда Константиновна

Nadezhda K. Runikhina

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5569-5175ФроловаЕ. В.FrolovaE. V.

Фролова Елена Владимировна

Elena V. Frolova

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1222-3351ОстапенкоВ. С.OstapenkoV. S.

Остапенко Валентина Сергеевна

Valentina S. Ostapenko

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6465-4842ШарашкинаН. В.SharashkinaN. V.

Шарашкина Наталья Викторовна

Natalia V. Sharashkina

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-0076БарановаЕ. И.BaranovaE. I.

Баранова Елена Ивановна

Elena I. Baranova

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-1786БулгаковаС. В.BulgakovaS. V.

Булгакова Светлана Викторовна

Svetlana V. Bulgakova

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7652-2962ВиллевальдеС. В.VillevaldeS. V.

Виллевальде Светлана Вадимовна

Svetlana V. Villevalde

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-2976ДупляковД. В.DuplyakovD. V.

Дупляков Дмитрий Викторович

Dmitry V. Duplyakov

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-4850ИльницкийА. Н.IlnitskiyA. N.

Ильницкий Андрей Николаевич

Andrey N. Ilnitsky

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2028-8748КислякО. А.KislyakO. A.

Кисляк Оксана Андреевна

Oksana A. Kislyak

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1126-4282КобалаваЖ. Д.KobalavaZh. D.

Кобалава Жанна Давидовна

eLibrary  SPIN  9828-5409

Zhanna D. Kobalava

eLibrary  SPIN  9828-5409

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8169-7812КонрадиА. О.KonradiA. O.

Конради Александра Олеговна

Alexandra O. Konradi

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5981-1754НедогодаС. В.NedogodaS. V.

Недогода Сергей Владимирович

Sergey V. Nedogoda

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-5612ОрловаЯ. А.OrlovaYa. A.

Орлова Яна Артуровна

Yana A. Orlova

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-804XПогосоваН. В.PogosovaN. V.

Погосова Нана Вачиковна

Nana V. Pogosova

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6534-1362ПрощаевК. И.ProshchaevK. I.

Прощаев Кирилл Иванович

Kirill I. Proshchaev

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2810-6531ЧумаковаГ. А.ChumakovaG. A.

Чумакова Галина Александровна

Galina A. Chumakova

202127072021174642661Copyright © Tkacheva O.N., Kotovskaya Y.V., Runikhina N.K., Frolova E.V., Ostapenko V.S., Sharashkina N.V., Baranova E.I., Bulgakova S.V., Villevalde S.V., Duplyakov D.V., Ilnitskiy A.N., Kislyak O.A., Kobalava Z.D., Konradi A.O., Nedogoda S.V., Orlova Y.A., Pogosova N.V., Proshchaev K.I., Chumakova G.A., 20212021Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., Рунихина Н.К., Фролова Е.В., Остапенко В.С., Шарашкина Н.В., Баранова Е.И., Булгакова С.В., Виллевальде С.В., Дупляков Д.В., Ильницкий А.Н., Кисляк О.А., Кобалава Ж.Д., Конради А.О., Недогода С.В., Орлова Я.А., Погосова Н.В., Прощаев К.И., Чумакова Г.А.Tkacheva O.N., Kotovskaya Y.V., Runikhina N.K., Frolova E.V., Ostapenko V.S., Sharashkina N.V., Baranova E.I., Bulgakova S.V., Villevalde S.V., Duplyakov D.V., Ilnitskiy A.N., Kislyak O.A., Kobalava Z.D., Konradi A.O., Nedogoda S.V., Orlova Y.A., Pogosova N.V., Proshchaev K.I., Chumakova G.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2517

High blood pressure is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as cognitive decline and loss of autonomy in the elderly and old age. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in populations of older patients living at home with low comorbidity and preserved autonomy indicate the benefit of lowering elevated blood pressure in patients over 80 years of age. Older patients with senile asthenia, loss of autonomy and other geriatric problems were excluded from RCTs, and observational studies in these groups of patients indicate an increase in morbidity and mortality with lower blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy. Obviously, in very elderly patients, a universal strategy for the treatment of arterial hypertension cannot be applied due to the significant heterogeneity of their functional status. The geriatric approach to the management of arterial hypertension in older patients involves an assessment of the functional status, the presence of senile asthenia, and the degree of autonomy for the choice of antihypertensive therapy tactics.

Повышенное артериальное давление (АД) является фактором риска сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности, а также снижения когнитивных функций и утраты автономности в более позднем периоде жизни. Рандомизированные клинические исследования (РКИ) в популяциях пациентов старшего возраста, проживающих дома, с невысокой коморбидностью и сохранной автономностью указывают на пользу снижения повышенного АД у пациентов старше 80 лет. Пациенты старшего возраста со старческой астенией, с утратой автономности и рядом других гериатрических проблем систематически исключались из РКИ, а наблюдательные исследования у этих групп пациентов указывают на повышение заболеваемости и смертности при более низком уровне АД и на фоне антигипертензивной терапии. Очевидно, что у очень пожилых пациентов не может применяться универсальная стратегия лечения артериальной гипертонии (АГ) в виду значительной гетерогенности их функционального статуса. Гериатрический подход к ведению АГ у пациентов старшего возраста предполагает оценку функционального статуса, наличия старческой астении и степени сохранности автономности для выбора тактики антигипертензивной терапии.

старениестарческая астенияартериальная гипертонияавтономностькомплексная гериатрическая оценкаagingsenile astheniaarterial hypertensionautonomycomplex geriatric assessmentReferencesVasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003-10. DOI:10.1001/jama.287.8.1003.Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: the Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002;287:1003-10. DOI:10.1001/jama.287.8.1003.Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Демография [Цитировано 14.04.2021]. Доступно на: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781.Federal State Statistics Service. Demographics [Cited 04/14/2021]. Available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781 (In Russ.)Cherubini A, Del Signore S, Ouslander J, et al. Fighting against age discrimination in clinical trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1791-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03032.x.Cherubini A, Del Signore S, Ouslander J, et al. Fighting against age discrimination in clinical trials. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1791-6. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03032.x.van der Cammen TJ, Rajkumar C, Onder G, et al. Drug cessation in complex older adults: time for action. Age Ageing. 2014;43:20-5. DOI:10.1093/ageing/aft166.van der Cammen TJ, Rajkumar C, Onder G, et al. Drug cessation in complex older adults: time for action. Age Ageing. 2014;43:20-5. DOI:10.1093/ageing/aft166.Mitchell GF, Lacourciere Y, Ouellet JP, et al. Determinants of elevated pulse pressure in middle-aged and older subjects with uncomplicated systolic hypertension: the role of proximal aortic diameter and the aortic pressure-flow relationship. Circulation. 2003;108:1592-8. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000093435.04334.1F.Mitchell GF, Lacourciere Y, Ouellet JP, et al. Determinants of elevated pulse pressure in middle-aged and older subjects with uncomplicated systolic hypertension: the role of proximal aortic diameter and the aortic pressure-flow relationship. Circulation. 2003;108:1592-8. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000093435.04334.1F.Boddaert J, Tamim H, Verny M, Belmin J. Arterial stiffness is associated with orthostatic hypotension in elderly subjects with history of falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:568-72. DOI:10.1111/j.1532- 5415.2004.52163.x.Boddaert J, Tamim H, Verny M, Belmin J. Arterial stiffness is associated with orthostatic hypotension in elderly subjects with history of falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:568-72. DOI:10.1111/j.1532- 5415.2004.52163.x.Agnoletti D, Valbusa F, Labat C, et al.; PARTAGE Study Investigators. Evidence for a prognostic role of orthostatic hypertension on survival in a very old institutionalized population. Hypertension. 2016;67:191-6. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06386.Agnoletti D, Valbusa F, Labat C, et al.; PARTAGE Study Investigators. Evidence for a prognostic role of orthostatic hypertension on survival in a very old institutionalized population. Hypertension. 2016;67:191-6. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06386.Sung J, Choi SH, Choi YH, et al. The relationship between arterial stiffness and increase in blood pressure during exercise in normotensive persons. J Hypertens. 2012;30:587-91. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834f41b1.Sung J, Choi SH, Choi YH, et al. The relationship between arterial stiffness and increase in blood pressure during exercise in normotensive persons. J Hypertens. 2012;30:587-91. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834f41b1.Uetani E, Tabara Y, Igase M, et al. Postprandial hypertension, an overlooked risk marker for arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:500-5. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.015.Uetani E, Tabara Y, Igase M, et al. Postprandial hypertension, an overlooked risk marker for arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:500-5. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.015.Liu YP, Gu YM, Thijs L, et al. Do level and variability of systolic blood pressure predict arterial properties or vice versa? J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28:316-22. DOI:10.1038/jhh.2013.106.Liu YP, Gu YM, Thijs L, et al. Do level and variability of systolic blood pressure predict arterial properties or vice versa? J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28:316-22. DOI:10.1038/jhh.2013.106.Angelousi A, Girerd N, Benetos A, et al. Association between orthostatic hypotension and cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular risk, cognitive decline and falls as well as overall mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1562-71. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000235.Angelousi A, Girerd N, Benetos A, et al. Association between orthostatic hypotension and cardiovascular risk, cerebrovascular risk, cognitive decline and falls as well as overall mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2014;32:1562-71. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000235.Mol A, Bui Hoang PTS, Sharmin S, et al. Orthostatic Hypotension and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(5):589-97.e5. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.003.Mol A, Bui Hoang PTS, Sharmin S, et al. Orthostatic Hypotension and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2019;20(5):589-97.e5. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2018.11.003.Lipsitz LA. A 91-year-old woman with difficult-to-control hypertension: a clinical review. JAMA. 2013;310:1274-80. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.277027.Lipsitz LA. A 91-year-old woman with difficult-to-control hypertension: a clinical review. JAMA. 2013;310:1274-80. DOI:10.1001/jama.2013.277027.Agnoletti D, Valbusa F, Labat C, et al.; PARTAGE Study Investigators. Evidence for a prognostic role of orthostatic hypertension on survival in a very old institutionalized population. Hypertension. 2016;67:191-6. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06386.Agnoletti D, Valbusa F, Labat C, et al.; PARTAGE Study Investigators. Evidence for a prognostic role of orthostatic hypertension on survival in a very old institutionalized population. Hypertension. 2016;67:191-6. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06386.Khattar RS, Swales JD, Dore C, et al. Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Circulation. 2001;104:783-9. DOI:10.1161/hc3201.094227.Khattar RS, Swales JD, Dore C, et al. Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Circulation. 2001;104:783-9. DOI:10.1161/hc3201.094227.Benetos A, Petrovic M, Strandberg T. Hypertension Management in Older and Frail Older Patients. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1045-60. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313236.Benetos A, Petrovic M, Strandberg T. Hypertension Management in Older and Frail Older Patients. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1045-60. DOI:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313236.Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-13. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8.Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-13. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8.Zhang WB, Pincus Z. Predicting all-cause mortality from basic physiology in the Framingham Heart Study. Aging Cell. 2016;15:39-48. DOI:10.1111/acel.12408.Zhang WB, Pincus Z. Predicting all-cause mortality from basic physiology in the Framingham Heart Study. Aging Cell. 2016;15:39-48. DOI:10.1111/acel.12408.Elias MF, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:353-64. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116868.Elias MF, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:353-64. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116868.Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:487-99. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70141-1.Qiu C, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. The age-dependent relation of blood pressure to cognitive function and dementia. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:487-99. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70141-1.Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:49-55. DOI:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00096-8.Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, et al. Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging. 2000;21:49-55. DOI:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00096-8.Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet. 1996;347:1141-5. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90608-x.Skoog I, Lernfelt B, Landahl S, et al. 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet. 1996;347:1141-5. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90608-x.Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. EVA Study Group. Epidemiology of Vascular Aging. Neurology. 1999;53:1948-52. DOI:10.1212/wnl.53.9.1948.Tzourio C, Dufouil C, Ducimetiere P, Alperovitch A. Cognitive decline in individuals with high blood pressure: a longitudinal study in the elderly. EVA Study Group. Epidemiology of Vascular Aging. Neurology. 1999;53:1948-52. DOI:10.1212/wnl.53.9.1948.Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, et al. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:718-26. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016.Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, et al. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11:718-26. DOI:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016.Walker KA, Sharrett AR, Wu A, et al. Association of Midlife to Late-Life Blood Pressure Patterns. JAMA. 2019;322(6):535-45.Walker KA, Sharrett AR, Wu A, et al. Association of Midlife to Late-Life Blood Pressure Patterns. JAMA. 2019;322(6):535-45.Langer RD, Ganiats TG, Barrett-Connor E. Paradoxical survival of elderly men with high blood pressure. BMJ. 1989;298:1356-7.Langer RD, Ganiats TG, Barrett-Connor E. Paradoxical survival of elderly men with high blood pressure. BMJ. 1989;298:1356-7.van Hateren KJ, Landman GW, Kleefstra N, et al. Lower blood pressure associated with higher mortality in elderly diabetic patients (ZODIAC-12). Age Ageing. 2010;39:603-9. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afq080.van Hateren KJ, Landman GW, Kleefstra N, et al. Lower blood pressure associated with higher mortality in elderly diabetic patients (ZODIAC-12). Age Ageing. 2010;39:603-9. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afq080.Ronnback M, Isomaa B, Fagerudd J, et al.; Botnia Study Group. Complex relationship between blood pressure and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients: a follow-up of the Botnia Study. Hypertension. 2006;47:168-73. DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.0000199667.30253.b7.Ronnback M, Isomaa B, Fagerudd J, et al.; Botnia Study Group. Complex relationship between blood pressure and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients: a follow-up of the Botnia Study. Hypertension. 2006;47:168-73. DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.0000199667.30253.b7.Boshuizen HC, Izaks GJ, van Buuren S, Ligthart GJ. Blood pressure and mortality in elderly people aged 85 and older: community based study. BMJ. 1998;316:1780-4. DOI:10.1136/bmj.316.7147.1780.Boshuizen HC, Izaks GJ, van Buuren S, Ligthart GJ. Blood pressure and mortality in elderly people aged 85 and older: community based study. BMJ. 1998;316:1780-4. DOI:10.1136/bmj.316.7147.1780.Satish S, Zhang DD, Goodwin JS. Clinical significance of falling blood pressure among older adults. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:961-7.Satish S, Zhang DD, Goodwin JS. Clinical significance of falling blood pressure among older adults. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:961-7.Rogers MA, Ward K, Gure TR, et al. Blood pressure trajectories prior to death in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1534-39. DOI:10.2337/dc11-0441.Rogers MA, Ward K, Gure TR, et al. Blood pressure trajectories prior to death in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1534-39. DOI:10.2337/dc11-0441.Benetos A, Gautier S, Labat C, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular events are best predicted by low central/peripheral pulse pressure amplification but not by high blood pressure levels in elderly nursing home subjects: the PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1503-11. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.055.Benetos A, Gautier S, Labat C, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular events are best predicted by low central/peripheral pulse pressure amplification but not by high blood pressure levels in elderly nursing home subjects: the PARTAGE (Predictive Values of Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Institutionalized Very Aged Population) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1503-11. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.04.055.Aparicio LS, Thijs L, Boggia J, et al.; International Database on Home Blood Pressure in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDHOCO) Investigators. Defining thresholds for home blood pressure monitoring in octogenarians. Hypertension. 2015;66:865-73. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05800.Aparicio LS, Thijs L, Boggia J, et al.; International Database on Home Blood Pressure in Relation to Cardiovascular Outcome (IDHOCO) Investigators. Defining thresholds for home blood pressure monitoring in octogenarians. Hypertension. 2015;66:865-73. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05800.Benetos A, Labat C, Rossignol P, et al. Treatment with multiple blood pressure medications, achieved blood pressure, and mortality in older nursing home residents: the PARTAGE study. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:989-95. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8012Benetos A, Labat C, Rossignol P, et al. Treatment with multiple blood pressure medications, achieved blood pressure, and mortality in older nursing home residents: the PARTAGE study. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:989-95. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8012Mossello E, Pieraccioli M, Nesti N, et al. Effects of low blood pressure in cognitively impaired elderly patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:578-85. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8164.Mossello E, Pieraccioli M, Nesti N, et al. Effects of low blood pressure in cognitively impaired elderly patients treated with antihypertensive drugs. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:578-85. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8164.Streit S, Poortvliet RKE, Gussekloo J. Lower blood pressure during antihypertensive treatment is associated with higher all-cause mortality and accelerated cognitive decline in the oldest-old-data from the Leiden 85-plus Study. Age Ageing. 2018;47(4):545-50. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afy072.Streit S, Poortvliet RKE, Gussekloo J. Lower blood pressure during antihypertensive treatment is associated with higher all-cause mortality and accelerated cognitive decline in the oldest-old-data from the Leiden 85-plus Study. Age Ageing. 2018;47(4):545-50. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afy072.Park SK, Park SK, Lee DY, et al. Comparing the clinical efficacy of resting and antihypertensive medication in patients of hypertensive urgency: a randomized, control trial. Journal of Hypertension. 2017;35:1474-80. DOI:10.1097/HJH.000000000000134.Park SK, Park SK, Lee DY, et al. Comparing the clinical efficacy of resting and antihypertensive medication in patients of hypertensive urgency: a randomized, control trial. Journal of Hypertension. 2017;35:1474-80. DOI:10.1097/HJH.000000000000134.van den Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, et al. ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019;5(1):37-46. DOI:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvy032.van den Born BH, Lip GYH, Brguljan-Hitij J, et al. ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2019;5(1):37-46. DOI:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvy032.Peixoto AJ. Acute Severe Hypertension. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1843-52. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp1901117.Peixoto AJ. Acute Severe Hypertension. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1843-52. DOI:10.1056/NEJMcp1901117.Campos CL, Herring CT, Ali AN, et al. Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertensive Urgency in the Outpatient Setting: A Systematic Review, J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(4):539-50. DOI:10.1007/s11606-017-4277-6.Campos CL, Herring CT, Ali AN, et al. Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertensive Urgency in the Outpatient Setting: A Systematic Review, J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33(4):539-50. DOI:10.1007/s11606-017-4277-6.Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., Ерусланова К.А. Гипертонический криз у лиц пожилого возраста. Кардиология. 2020;60(5):128-35. DOI:10.18087/cardio.2020.5.n1121.Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Eruslanova KA. Hypertensive Crisis in the Elderly Patients. Kardiologiia. 2020;60(5):128-35 (In Russ.) DOI:10.18087/cardio.2020.5.n1121.Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., Рунихина Н.К., и др. Клинические рекомендации «Старческая астения». Российский Журнал Гериатрической Медицины. 2020;(1):11-46. DOI:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46.Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, et al. Clinical guidelines on frailty. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;(1):11-46 (In Russ.). DOI:10.37586/2686-8636-1-2020-11-46.Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., Рунихина Н.К., и др. Клинические рекомендации «Старческая астения». Часть 2. Российский Журнал Гериатрической Медицины. 2020;(2):115-30. DOI:10.37586/2686-8636-2-2020-115-130.Tkacheva ON, Kotovskaya YuV, Runikhina NK, et al. Clinical guidelines frailty. Part 2. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2020;(2):115-30 (In Russ.). DOI:10.37586/2686-8636-2-2020-115-130.Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al.; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887-98. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0801369Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al.; HYVET Study Group. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887-98. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0801369Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al.; SPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2673-82. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.7050.Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al.; SPRINT Research Group. Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:2673-82. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.7050.Warwick J, Falaschetti E, Rockwood K, et al.. No evidence that frailty modifies the positive impact of antihypertensive treatment in very elderly people: an investigation of the impact of frailty upon treatment effect in the HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of antihypertensives in people with hypertension aged 80 and over. BMC Med. 2015;13:78. DOI:10.1186/s12916-015-0328-1.Warwick J, Falaschetti E, Rockwood K, et al.. No evidence that frailty modifies the positive impact of antihypertensive treatment in very elderly people: an investigation of the impact of frailty upon treatment effect in the HYpertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET) study, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of antihypertensives in people with hypertension aged 80 and over. BMC Med. 2015;13:78. DOI:10.1186/s12916-015-0328-1.Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, et al.; Hypertension Canada. Hypertension Canada’s 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33:557–576. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.005.Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, et al.; Hypertension Canada. Hypertension Canada’s 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2017;33:557–576. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.005.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et a. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:1269-324. DOI:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066.Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et a. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71:1269-324. DOI:10.1161/HYP.0000000000000066.Strandberg T, Benetos A. Successful SPRINT hypertension trial does not cover all older patients. Eur Geriatr Med. 2017;8:279-80.Strandberg T, Benetos A. Successful SPRINT hypertension trial does not cover all older patients. Eur Geriatr Med. 2017;8:279-80.Forette F, Seux M, Staessen J, et al. Prevention of dementia in a randomised double blind placebo controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998;352:1347-51. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03086-4.Forette F, Seux M, Staessen J, et al. Prevention of dementia in a randomised double blind placebo controlled systolic hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998;352:1347-51. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03086-4.Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al.; SCOPE Study Group. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21(5):875-86. DOI:10.1097/00004872-200305000-00011.Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al.; SCOPE Study Group. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE): principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens. 2003;21(5):875-86. DOI:10.1097/00004872-200305000-00011.Saxby BK, Harrington F, Wesnes KA, et al. Candesartan and cognitive decline in older patients with hypertension: a substudy of the SCOPE trial. Neurology. 2008;70(19 Pt 2):1858-66. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000311447.85948.78.Saxby BK, Harrington F, Wesnes KA, et al. Candesartan and cognitive decline in older patients with hypertension: a substudy of the SCOPE trial. Neurology. 2008;70(19 Pt 2):1858-66. DOI:10.1212/01.wnl.0000311447.85948.78.Lebouvier T, Chen Y, Duriez P, et al. Antihypertensive agents in Alzheimer's disease: beyond vascular protection. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(2):175-87. DOI:10.1080/14737175.2020.1708195.Lebouvier T, Chen Y, Duriez P, et al. Antihypertensive agents in Alzheimer's disease: beyond vascular protection. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(2):175-87. DOI:10.1080/14737175.2020.1708195.Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, et al.; HYVET Investigators. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:683-9. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70143-1.Peters R, Beckett N, Forette F, et al.; HYVET Investigators. Incident dementia and blood pressure lowering in the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial cognitive function assessment (HYVET-COG): a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7:683-9. DOI:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70143-1.SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group, Williamson JD, Pajewski NM, Auchus AP. Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:553-61. DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.21442.SPRINT MIND Investigators for the SPRINT Research Group, Williamson JD, Pajewski NM, Auchus AP. Effect of intensive vs standard blood pressure control on probable dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321:553-61. DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.21442.Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al.; Authors/Task Force Members. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953-2041. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001940.Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al.; Authors/Task Force Members. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953-2041. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000001940.Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Rich R, et al.; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians and the Commission on Health of the Public and Science of the American Academy of Family Physicians. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in adults aged 60 years or older to higher versus lower blood pressure targets: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:430-7. DOI:10.7326/M16-1785.Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Rich R, et al.; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians and the Commission on Health of the Public and Science of the American Academy of Family Physicians. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension in adults aged 60 years or older to higher versus lower blood pressure targets: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166:430-7. DOI:10.7326/M16-1785.Jones NR, McCormack T, Constanti M, McManus RJ Diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults: NICE guideline update 2019. British Journal of General Practice. 2020;70(691):90-1. DOI:10.3399/bjgp20X708053.Jones NR, McCormack T, Constanti M, McManus RJ Diagnosis and management of hypertension in adults: NICE guideline update 2019. British Journal of General Practice. 2020;70(691):90-1. DOI:10.3399/bjgp20X708053.Kernick D. Clinical assessment and management of multimorbidity: NICE guideline. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(658):235-6. DOI:10.3399/bjgp17X690857.Kernick D. Clinical assessment and management of multimorbidity: NICE guideline. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(658):235-6. DOI:10.3399/bjgp17X690857.Артериальная гипертензия у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации [цитировано 12.04.2021]. Доступно на: http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/62_1.Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical practice guidelines [cited by Apr 12, 2021]. Available from: http://cr.rosminzdrav.ru/recomend/62_1 (In Russ.)Pilotto A, Noale M, Maggi S, et al. Hypoglycemia is independently associated with multidimensional impairment in elderly diabetic patients. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:906103. DOI:10.1155/2014/906103.Pilotto A, Noale M, Maggi S, et al. Hypoglycemia is independently associated with multidimensional impairment in elderly diabetic patients. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:906103. DOI:10.1155/2014/906103.Butrous H, Hummel SL. Heart failure in older adults. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:1140-7. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.05.005.Butrous H, Hummel SL. Heart failure in older adults. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:1140-7. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2016.05.005.Stortecky S, Schoenenberger AW, Moser A, et al. Evaluation of multidimensional geriatric assessment as a predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:489-96. DOI:10.1016/j.jcin.2012.02.012Stortecky S, Schoenenberger AW, Moser A, et al. Evaluation of multidimensional geriatric assessment as a predictor of mortality and cardiovascular events after transcatheter aortic valve implantation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:489-96. DOI:10.1016/j.jcin.2012.02.012Afilalo J, Eisenberg MJ, Morin JF, et al. Gait speed as an incremental predictor of mortality and major morbidity in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1668-76. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.039.Afilalo J, Eisenberg MJ, Morin JF, et al. Gait speed as an incremental predictor of mortality and major morbidity in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1668-76. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.039.Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2893-962. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. The Task Force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:2893-962. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.Котовская Ю.В., Ткачева О.Н., Сергиенко И.В. Липидснижающая терапия для первичной профилактики у пациентов 75 лет и старше. Консенсус экспертов Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров, Национального общества по изучению атеросклероза, Российского кардиологического общества, Ассоциации клинических фармакологов. Кардиология. 2020;60(6):119-32. DOI:10.18087/cardio.2020.6.n1037.Kotovskaya YV, Tkacheva ON, Sergienko IV. Lipid-Lowering Therapy for Primary Cardiovascular Prevention in Older Adults. Consensus Statement of the Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians, National Society on Atherosclerosis, Russian Society of Cardiology, Association of Clinical Pharmacologists. Kardiologiia. 2020;60(6):119-32 (In Russ.). DOI:10.18087/cardio.2020.6.n1037.Gnjidic D, Le Couteur DG, Kouladjian L, Hilmer SN. Deprescribing trials: methods to reduce polypharmacy and the impact on prescribing and clinical outcomes. Clin Geriatr Med. 2012;28:237–53. DOI:10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.006.Gnjidic D, Le Couteur DG, Kouladjian L, Hilmer SN. Deprescribing trials: methods to reduce polypharmacy and the impact on prescribing and clinical outcomes. Clin Geriatr Med. 2012;28:237–53. DOI:10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.006.Iyer S, Naganathan V, McLachlan AJ, Le Couteur DG. Medication withdrawal trials in people aged 65 years and older: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 2008;25:1021-31. DOI:10.2165/0002512-200825120-00004.Iyer S, Naganathan V, McLachlan AJ, Le Couteur DG. Medication withdrawal trials in people aged 65 years and older: a systematic review. Drugs Aging. 2008;25:1021-31. DOI:10.2165/0002512-200825120-00004.Sheppard JP, Burt J, Lown M, et al.; OPTIMISE Investigators. Effect of Antihypertensive Medication Reduction vs Usual Care on Short-term Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Hypertension Aged 80 Years and Older: The OPTIMISE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2039-51. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4871.Sheppard JP, Burt J, Lown M, et al.; OPTIMISE Investigators. Effect of Antihypertensive Medication Reduction vs Usual Care on Short-term Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Hypertension Aged 80 Years and Older: The OPTIMISE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2039-51. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4871.Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1943-55. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1616338.Villareal DT, Aguirre L, Gurney AB, et al. Aerobic or resistance exercise, or both, in dieting obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1943-55. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1616338.Sparling PB, Howard BJ, Dunstan DW, Owen N. Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. BMJ. 2015;350:h100. DOI:10.1136/bmj.h100.Sparling PB, Howard BJ, Dunstan DW, Owen N. Recommendations for physical activity in older adults. BMJ. 2015;350:h100. DOI:10.1136/bmj.h100.Puttnam R, Davis BR, Pressel SL, et al. Association of 3 Different Antihypertensive Medications With Hip and Pelvic Fracture Risk in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):67-76. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6821.Puttnam R, Davis BR, Pressel SL, et al. Association of 3 Different Antihypertensive Medications With Hip and Pelvic Fracture Risk in Older Adults: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):67-76. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.6821.Ekbom T, Linjer E, Hedner T, et al. Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP‐Hypertension‐2. Blood Pressure. 2004;13(3):137-41. DOI:10.1080/08037050410014944.Ekbom T, Linjer E, Hedner T, et al. Cardiovascular events in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A subgroup analysis of treatment strategies in STOP‐Hypertension‐2. Blood Pressure. 2004;13(3):137-41. DOI:10.1080/08037050410014944.Hansson L, Zanchetti A. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12-month Data on Blood Pressure and Tolerability. With Special Reference to Age and Gender. Blood Pressure. 1995;4(5):313- 9. DOI:10.3109/08037059509077613.Hansson L, Zanchetti A. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12-month Data on Blood Pressure and Tolerability. With Special Reference to Age and Gender. Blood Pressure. 1995;4(5):313- 9. DOI:10.3109/08037059509077613.Hansson L, Zanchetti A. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12-month Data on Blood Pressure and Tolerability. With Special Reference to Age and Gender. Blood Pressure. 1997;6(5):313- 7. DOI:10.3109/08037059709062088.Hansson L, Zanchetti A. The Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study: 12-month Data on Blood Pressure and Tolerability. With Special Reference to Age and Gender. Blood Pressure. 1997;6(5):313- 7. DOI:10.3109/08037059709062088.Schaefer RM, Aldons PM, Burgess ED, et al. Improved tolerability of felodipine compared with amlodipine in elderly hypertensives: a randomised, double-blind study in 535 patients, focusing on vasodilatory adverse events. The International Study Group. Int J Clin Pract. 1998;52(6):381-6.Schaefer RM, Aldons PM, Burgess ED, et al. Improved tolerability of felodipine compared with amlodipine in elderly hypertensives: a randomised, double-blind study in 535 patients, focusing on vasodilatory adverse events. The International Study Group. Int J Clin Pract. 1998;52(6):381-6.Grassi G, Robles NR, Seravalle G, Fici F. Lercanidipine in the Management of Hypertension: An Update. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2017;8(4):155-65. DOI:10.4103/jpp.JPP_34_17.Grassi G, Robles NR, Seravalle G, Fici F. Lercanidipine in the Management of Hypertension: An Update. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2017;8(4):155-65. DOI:10.4103/jpp.JPP_34_17.Juraschek SP, Simpson LM, Davis BR, et al. The effects of antihypertensive class on gout in older adults: secondary analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. J Hypertens. 2020;38(5):954-60. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002359.Juraschek SP, Simpson LM, Davis BR, et al. The effects of antihypertensive class on gout in older adults: secondary analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. J Hypertens. 2020;38(5):954-60. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000002359.Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, et al. Influence of losartan and atenolol on memory function in very elderly hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17(11):781-5. DOI:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001613.Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, et al. Influence of losartan and atenolol on memory function in very elderly hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 2003;17(11):781-5. DOI:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001613.Malacco E, Varì N, Capuano V, et al.; Val-Syst study. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group comparison of valsartan and amlodipine in the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in elderly patients: the Val-Syst study. Clin Ther. 2003;25(11):2765-80. DOI:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80332-6.Malacco E, Varì N, Capuano V, et al.; Val-Syst study. A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group comparison of valsartan and amlodipine in the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in elderly patients: the Val-Syst study. Clin Ther. 2003;25(11):2765-80. DOI:10.1016/s0149-2918(03)80332-6.Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547–1559Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. ONTARGET Investigators. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547–1559Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, et al. Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9644):1174-83. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61242-8.Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, et al. Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372(9644):1174-83. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61242-8.Croom KF, Curran MP, Goa KL, Perry CM. Irbesartan: a review of its use in hypertension and in the management of diabetic nephropathy. Drugs. 2004;64(9):999-1028. DOI:10.2165/00003495-200464090-00011.Croom KF, Curran MP, Goa KL, Perry CM. Irbesartan: a review of its use in hypertension and in the management of diabetic nephropathy. Drugs. 2004;64(9):999-1028. DOI:10.2165/00003495-200464090-00011.Heagerty AM, Mallion JM. Olmesartan medoxomil in elderly patients with essential or isolated systolic hypertension: efficacy and safety data from clinical trials. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(1):61-76. DOI:10.2165/0002512-200926010-00005.Heagerty AM, Mallion JM. Olmesartan medoxomil in elderly patients with essential or isolated systolic hypertension: efficacy and safety data from clinical trials. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(1):61-76. DOI:10.2165/0002512-200926010-00005.Malacco E, Omboni S, Mallion JM, Volpe M; ESPORT Study Group. Antihypertensive efficacy of olmesartan medoxomil and ramipril in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension grouped according to renal function status : a retrospective analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2012;19(4):213-22. DOI:10.1007/BF03297633.Malacco E, Omboni S, Mallion JM, Volpe M; ESPORT Study Group. Antihypertensive efficacy of olmesartan medoxomil and ramipril in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension grouped according to renal function status : a retrospective analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2012;19(4):213-22. DOI:10.1007/BF03297633.Omboni S, Malacco E, Mallion JM, Fabrizzi P, Volpe M. Olmesartan vs. ramipril in elderly hypertensive patients: review of data from two published randomized, double-blind studies. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2014;21(1):1-19. DOI:10.1007/s40292-013-0037-9.Omboni S, Malacco E, Mallion JM, Fabrizzi P, Volpe M. Olmesartan vs. ramipril in elderly hypertensive patients: review of data from two published randomized, double-blind studies. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2014;21(1):1-19. DOI:10.1007/s40292-013-0037-9.Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Niwa M, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of azilsartan therapy for blood pressure reduction. Hypertens Res. 2014;37(5):432-7. DOI:10.1038/hr.2013.142.Takagi H, Mizuno Y, Niwa M, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of azilsartan therapy for blood pressure reduction. Hypertens Res. 2014;37(5):432-7. DOI:10.1038/hr.2013.142.Wang JG, Zhang M, Feng YQ, Ma CS, Wang TD, Zhu ZM, Kario K. Is the newest angiotensin-receptor blocker azilsartan medoxomil more efficacious in lowering blood pressure than the older ones? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(5):901-14. DOI:10.1111/jch.14227.Wang JG, Zhang M, Feng YQ, Ma CS, Wang TD, Zhu ZM, Kario K. Is the newest angiotensin-receptor blocker azilsartan medoxomil more efficacious in lowering blood pressure than the older ones? A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2021;23(5):901-14. DOI:10.1111/jch.14227.Kwon A, Kim GH. Single-pill Combination Therapy of Azilsartan Medoxomil/Chlorthalidone for Treatment of Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Clin Ther. 2020;42(7):1390-403. DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.015Kwon A, Kim GH. Single-pill Combination Therapy of Azilsartan Medoxomil/Chlorthalidone for Treatment of Hypertension: A Systematic Review. Clin Ther. 2020;42(7):1390-403. DOI:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.05.015Hanon O, Berrou JP, Negre-Pages L, et al. Effects of hypertension therapy based on eprosartan on systolic arterial blood pressure and cognitive function: primary results of the Observational Study on Cognitive function And Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction open-label study. J Hypertens. 2008;26(8):1642-50. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328301a280.Hanon O, Berrou JP, Negre-Pages L, et al. Effects of hypertension therapy based on eprosartan on systolic arterial blood pressure and cognitive function: primary results of the Observational Study on Cognitive function And Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction open-label study. J Hypertens. 2008;26(8):1642-50. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328301a280.Laher MS, Mulkerrins E, Hosie J, et al. The effects of age and renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of co-administered lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. J Hum Hypertens. 1991;5 Suppl 2: 77-8.Laher MS, Mulkerrins E, Hosie J, et al. The effects of age and renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of co-administered lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide. J Hum Hypertens. 1991;5 Suppl 2: 77-8.Langtry HD, Markham A. Lisinopril. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 1997;10(2):131-66. DOI:10.2165/00002512-199710020-00006.Langtry HD, Markham A. Lisinopril. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in elderly patients. Drugs Aging. 1997;10(2):131-66. DOI:10.2165/00002512-199710020-00006.Malacco E, Piazza S, Omboni S; Zofenopril Study Group. Zofenopril versus Lisinopril in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension in Elderly Patients : A Randomised, Double-Blind, Multicentre Study. Clin Drug Investig. 2005;25(3):175-82. DOI:10.2165/00044011-200525030-00003.Malacco E, Piazza S, Omboni S; Zofenopril Study Group. Zofenopril versus Lisinopril in the Treatment of Essential Hypertension in Elderly Patients : A Randomised, Double-Blind, Multicentre Study. Clin Drug Investig. 2005;25(3):175-82. DOI:10.2165/00044011-200525030-00003.Omboni S, Malacco E, Napoli C, et al. Efficacy of Zofenopril vs. Irbesartan in Combination with a Thiazide Diuretic in Hypertensive Patients with Multiple Risk Factors not Controlled by a Previous Monotherapy: A Review of the Double-Blind, Randomized "Z" Studies. Adv Ther. 2017;34(4):784- 98. DOI:10.1007/s12325-017-0497-8.Omboni S, Malacco E, Napoli C, et al. Efficacy of Zofenopril vs. Irbesartan in Combination with a Thiazide Diuretic in Hypertensive Patients with Multiple Risk Factors not Controlled by a Previous Monotherapy: A Review of the Double-Blind, Randomized "Z" Studies. Adv Ther. 2017;34(4):784- 98. DOI:10.1007/s12325-017-0497-8.van Veldhuisen DJ, Cohen-Solal A, Böhm M, et al.; SENIORS Investigators. Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: Data From SENIORS (Study of Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalization in Seniors With Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(23):2150-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.046.van Veldhuisen DJ, Cohen-Solal A, Böhm M, et al.; SENIORS Investigators. Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: Data From SENIORS (Study of Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalization in Seniors With Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(23):2150-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.046.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.