<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2014-10-3-312-316</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-257</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POINT OF VIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM AND REPLICATIVE CELLULAR SENESCENCE: THEIR INTERACTION DURING THE VASCULAR AGEING</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>РЕНИН-АНГИОТЕНЗИН-АЛЬДОСТЕРОНОВАЯ СИСТЕМА И РЕПЛИКАТИВНОЕ КЛЕТОЧНОЕ СТАРЕНИЕ: ИХ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ В ХОДЕ СТАРЕНИЯ СОСУДОВ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пыхтина</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pykhtina</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант отдела комплексного снижения риска неинфекционных заболеваний</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petroverigskiy per. 10, Moscow, 101990 Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vpykhtina@gnicpm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стражеско</surname><given-names>И. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Strazhesko</surname><given-names>I. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., в.н.с. того же отдела</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petroverigskiy per. 10, Moscow, 101990 Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агальцов</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Agaltsov</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с. того же отдела</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petroverigskiy per. 10, Moscow, 101990 Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ткачева</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tkacheva</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, руководитель того же отдела</p><p>101990, Москва, Петроверигский пер., 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petroverigskiy per. 10, Moscow, 101990 Russia</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный научно-исследовательский центр профилактической медицины</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>State Research Center for Preventive Medicine</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>312</fpage><lpage>316</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Pykhtina V.S., Strazhesko I.D., Agaltsov M.V., Tkacheva O.N., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пыхтина В.С., Стражеско И.Д., Агальцов М.В., Ткачева О.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pykhtina V.S., Strazhesko I.D., Agaltsov M.V., Tkacheva O.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/257">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/257</self-uri><abstract><p>The problem of vascular aging is discussed. Special attention among the signs of vascular aging is paid to the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system as a source of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as to its relation to replicative cellular senescence. Potential routes of exposure to these processes are also considered.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рассматривается проблема сосудистого старения. Среди признаков сосудистого старения особое внимание уделяется активации ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновой системы как источнику хронического воспаления и окислительного стресса и ее связи с репликативным клеточным старением. Также рассматриваются возможные пути воздействия на данные процессы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сосудистое старение</kwd><kwd>ренин-ангиотензин-альдостероновая система</kwd><kwd>репликативное клеточное старение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vascular aging</kwd><kwd>the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</kwd><kwd>replicative cellular aging</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Population Ageing and Development 2012/Wallchart. New York: United Nations; 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Population Ageing and Development 2012/Wallchart. New York: United Nations; 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact sheet N°317, Updated March 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/. Accessed by 31.05.2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Fact sheet N°317, Updated March 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/. Accessed by 31.05.2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sawabe M. Vascular aging: from molecular mechanism to clinical significance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010;10(Suppl 1):S213-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sawabe M. Vascular aging: from molecular mechanism to clinical significance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010;10(Suppl 1):S213-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glass CK, Witztum JL. Atherosclerosis the road ahead. Cell 2001;104:503-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glass CK, Witztum JL. Atherosclerosis the road ahead. Cell 2001;104:503-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vasan RS, Demissie S, Kimura M, et al. Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length with Circulating Biomarkers of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 117(9): 1138-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasan RS, Demissie S, Kimura M, et al. Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length with Circulating Biomarkers of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2008; 117(9): 1138-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambeth JD. Nox enzymes, ROS, chronic disease: an example of antagonistic pleiotropy. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:332-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambeth JD. Nox enzymes, ROS, chronic disease: an example of antagonistic pleiotropy. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 43:332-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paravicini TM, Touyz RM. NADPH oxidases, reactive oxygen species, and hypertension: clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(Suppl 2):S170-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paravicini TM, Touyz RM. NADPH oxidases, reactive oxygen species, and hypertension: clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities. Diabetes Care 2008; 31(Suppl 2):S170-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rocchini AP, Moorehead C, DeRemer S, et al. Hyperinsulinemia and the aldosterone and pressor responses to angiotensin II. Hypertension1990; 15:861-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rocchini AP, Moorehead C, DeRemer S, et al. Hyperinsulinemia and the aldosterone and pressor responses to angiotensin II. Hypertension1990; 15:861-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nistala R, Whaley-Connell A. Sowers JR Redox control of renal function and hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10(12):2047-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nistala R, Whaley-Connell A. Sowers JR Redox control of renal function and hypertension. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10(12):2047-89.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M. NAD(P)H oxidase: role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 2000; 86:494-501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M. NAD(P)H oxidase: role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 2000; 86:494-501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90(17):7915-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90(17):7915-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Timmermans PB, Wong PC, Chiu AT, et al. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev1993; 45:205-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Timmermans PB, Wong PC, Chiu AT, et al. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev1993; 45:205-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urata H, Boehm KD, Philip A, et al. Cellular localization and regional distribution of an angiotensin Iformingchymase in the heart. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1269-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urata H, Boehm KD, Philip A, et al. Cellular localization and regional distribution of an angiotensin Iformingchymase in the heart. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1269-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang XR, Chen WY, Truong LD, Lan HY. Chymase is upregulated in diabetic nephropathy: implications for an alternative pathway of angiotensin II-mediated diabetic renal and vascular disease. J Am SocNephrol 2003; 14: 1738-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang XR, Chen WY, Truong LD, Lan HY. Chymase is upregulated in diabetic nephropathy: implications for an alternative pathway of angiotensin II-mediated diabetic renal and vascular disease. J Am SocNephrol 2003; 14: 1738-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bacani C, Frishman WH. Chymase: a new pharmacologic target in cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev 2006; 14: 187-93</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bacani C, Frishman WH. Chymase: a new pharmacologic target in cardiovascular disease. Cardiol Rev 2006; 14: 187-93</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyazaki M, Takai S. Tissue angiotensin II generating system by angiotensin-converting enzyme and chymase. J Pharmacol Sci 2006 ; 100: 391-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyazaki M, Takai S. Tissue angiotensin II generating system by angiotensin-converting enzyme and chymase. J Pharmacol Sci 2006 ; 100: 391-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simpson SA, Tait JF, Wettstein A, et al. Constitution of aldosterone, a new mineralocorticoid. Experientia1954;10:132-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simpson SA, Tait JF, Wettstein A, et al. Constitution of aldosterone, a new mineralocorticoid. Experientia1954;10:132-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodfriend TL, Egan BM, Kelley DE. Aldosterone in obesity. Endocr Res 1998; 24:789–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodfriend TL, Egan BM, Kelley DE. Aldosterone in obesity. Endocr Res 1998; 24:789–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown NJ. Aldosterone and vascular inflammation. Hypertension 2008; 51:161-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown NJ. Aldosterone and vascular inflammation. Hypertension 2008; 51:161-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Habibi J, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates vascular apoptosis and injury via rescuing protein kinase B activation. Hypertension 2009; 53(2):158-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Habibi J, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates vascular apoptosis and injury via rescuing protein kinase B activation. Hypertension 2009; 53(2):158-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirono Y, Yoshimoto T, Suzuki N, et al. Angiotensin II receptor type 1-mediated vascular oxidative stress and proinflammatory gene expression in aldosterone-induced hypertension: the possible role of local renin-angiotensin system. Endocrinology 2007; 148:1688-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirono Y, Yoshimoto T, Suzuki N, et al. Angiotensin II receptor type 1-mediated vascular oxidative stress and proinflammatory gene expression in aldosterone-induced hypertension: the possible role of local renin-angiotensin system. Endocrinology 2007; 148:1688-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stas S, Whaley-Connell A, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade attenuates chronic overexpression of the renin-angiotensin–II-aldosterone system stimulation of reduced NADPH oxidase and cardiac remodeling. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3773-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stas S, Whaley-Connell A, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade attenuates chronic overexpression of the renin-angiotensin–II-aldosterone system stimulation of reduced NADPH oxidase and cardiac remodeling. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3773-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Kats JP, Danser AH, van Meegen JR, et al. Angiotensin production by the heart: a quantitative study in pigs with the use of radiolabeled angiotensin infusion. Circulation 1998; 98: 73-81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Kats JP, Danser AH, van Meegen JR, et al. Angiotensin production by the heart: a quantitative study in pigs with the use of radiolabeled angiotensin infusion. Circulation 1998; 98: 73-81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobori H, Pieto-Carrasquero MC, Ozawa Y, Navar LG. AT1 receptor mediated augmentation of intrarenal angiotensinogen in angiotensin II dependent hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1126-32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobori H, Pieto-Carrasquero MC, Ozawa Y, Navar LG. AT1 receptor mediated augmentation of intrarenal angiotensinogen in angiotensin II dependent hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1126-32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moulik S, Speth RC, Turner BB, Rowe BP. Angiotensin II receptor subtype distribution in the rabbit brain. Exp Brain Res 2002; 142: 275-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moulik S, Speth RC, Turner BB, Rowe BP. Angiotensin II receptor subtype distribution in the rabbit brain. Exp Brain Res 2002; 142: 275-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghiani BU, Masini MA. Angiotensin II bindings sites in the rat pancreas and their modulation after sodium loading and depletion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1995; 111: 439-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghiani BU, Masini MA. Angiotensin II bindings sites in the rat pancreas and their modulation after sodium loading and depletion. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1995; 111: 439-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas WG, Sernia C. Theimmunocytochemical localization of angiotensinogen in the rat ovary. Cell tissue Res 1990; 261: 367-73.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas WG, Sernia C. Theimmunocytochemical localization of angiotensinogen in the rat ovary. Cell tissue Res 1990; 261: 367-73.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwai N, Inagami T, Ohmichi N, Kinoshita M Renin is expressed in rat macrophage/monocyte cells. Hypertension 1996; 27: 399-403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwai N, Inagami T, Ohmichi N, Kinoshita M Renin is expressed in rat macrophage/monocyte cells. Hypertension 1996; 27: 399-403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karlsson C, Lindell K, Ottoson M, et al. Human adipose tissue expresses angiotensinogen and enzymes required for its conversion to angiotensin II. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3925-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karlsson C, Lindell K, Ottoson M, et al. Human adipose tissue expresses angiotensinogen and enzymes required for its conversion to angiotensin II. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3925-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Mello W. Effect of extracellular and intracellular angiotensin on heart cell function; on the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. RegulPept 2003; 114: 87-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Mello W. Effect of extracellular and intracellular angiotensin on heart cell function; on the cardiac renin-angiotensin system. RegulPept 2003; 114: 87-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sowers JR, Whaley-Connell A, Epstein M. The emerging clinical implications of the role of aldosterone in the metabolic syndrome and resistant hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:776-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sowers JR, Whaley-Connell A, Epstein M. The emerging clinical implications of the role of aldosterone in the metabolic syndrome and resistant hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:776-83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Aldosterone and risk for insulin resistance. Hypertension 2011;58(6):998-1000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Whaley-Connell A, Sowers JR. Aldosterone and risk for insulin resistance. Hypertension 2011;58(6):998-1000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Cavanagh EM, Inserra F, Ferder M, Ferder L. From mitochondria to disease: role of the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 545-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Cavanagh EM, Inserra F, Ferder M, Ferder L. From mitochondria to disease: role of the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 545-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wilson SK. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in acute angiotensin II-induced hypertensive vascular disease in the rat. Circ Res 1990; 66: 722-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wilson SK. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals in acute angiotensin II-induced hypertensive vascular disease in the rat. Circ Res 1990; 66: 722-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD, Alexander RW. Angiotensin II stimulaes NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultures vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1994; 74: 1141-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD, Alexander RW. Angiotensin II stimulaes NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultures vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1994; 74: 1141-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzuki Y, Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, et al. Inflammation and angiotensin II. IJBCB 2003; 35:881-900.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzuki Y, Ruiz-Ortega M, Lorenzo O, et al. Inflammation and angiotensin II. IJBCB 2003; 35:881-900.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Min LJ, Mogi M, Iwai M, Horiuchi M. Signaling mechanisms of angiotensin II in regulating vascular senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8: 113-121</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Min LJ, Mogi M, Iwai M, Horiuchi M. Signaling mechanisms of angiotensin II in regulating vascular senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2009; 8: 113-121</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong JM, Collins K. Telomere maintenance and disease. Lancet 2003; 362 (9388): 983-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong JM, Collins K. Telomere maintenance and disease. Lancet 2003; 362 (9388): 983-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greider CW, Blackburn EH. The telomere terminal transferase of Tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell 1987;51:887-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greider CW, Blackburn EH. The telomere terminal transferase of Tetrahymena is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme with two kinds of primer specificity. Cell 1987;51:887-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blackburn EH, Greider CW, Henderson E, et al. Recognition and elongation of telomeres by telomerase. Genome 1989;31:553-60.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blackburn EH, Greider CW, Henderson E, et al. Recognition and elongation of telomeres by telomerase. Genome 1989;31:553-60.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Gardner JP, et al. Leukocyte Telomere Length and cardiovascular disease in the cardiovascular health study. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165 (1); 14-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Gardner JP, et al. Leukocyte Telomere Length and cardiovascular disease in the cardiovascular health study. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 165 (1); 14-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O'Donovan A, Pantell MS, Puterman E, et al. Cumulative inflammatory load is associated with short leukocyte Telomere Length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. PLoS One. 2011; 6 (5): e19687.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O'Donovan A, Pantell MS, Puterman E, et al. Cumulative inflammatory load is associated with short leukocyte Telomere Length in the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. PLoS One. 2011; 6 (5): e19687.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benetos A, Gardner JP, Zureik M, et al. Short telomeres are associated withincreased carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 43 (2): 182-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benetos A, Gardner JP, Zureik M, et al. Short telomeres are associated withincreased carotid atherosclerosis in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 2004; 43 (2): 182-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Willeit P, Willeit J, Brandstatter A, et al. Cellular aging reflected by leukocyte Telomere Length predicts advanced atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30 (8): 1649-56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Willeit P, Willeit J, Brandstatter A, et al. Cellular aging reflected by leukocyte Telomere Length predicts advanced atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease risk. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30 (8): 1649-56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Miller DB, et al. Employment and work schedule are related to Telomere Length in women. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68 (8): 582-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parks CG, DeRoo LA, Miller DB, et al. Employment and work schedule are related to Telomere Length in women. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68 (8): 582-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dudognon C, Pendino F, Hillion J, et al. Death receptor signaling regulatory function for telomerase: hTERT abolishes TRAIL-induced apoptosis, independently of telomere maintenance. Oncogene 2004;23:7469-74.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dudognon C, Pendino F, Hillion J, et al. Death receptor signaling regulatory function for telomerase: hTERT abolishes TRAIL-induced apoptosis, independently of telomere maintenance. Oncogene 2004;23:7469-74.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strazhesko ID, Akasheva DU, Dudinskaya EN, Tkacheva ON. Vascular ageing: main symptoms and mechanisms. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2012; 11(4): 93-100 (Стражеско И.Д., Акашева Д.У., Дудинская Е.Н., Ткачева О.Н. Старение сосудов: основные признаки и механизмы. Кар-диоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2012; 11(4): 93-100).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strazhesko ID, Akasheva DU, Dudinskaya EN, Tkacheva ON. Vascular ageing: main symptoms and mechanisms. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2012; 11(4): 93-100 (Стражеско И.Д., Акашева Д.У., Дудинская Е.Н., Ткачева О.Н. Старение сосудов: основные признаки и механизмы. Кар-диоваскулярная терапия и профилактика 2012; 11(4): 93-100).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogami M, Ikura Y, Ohsawa M, et al. Telomere shortening in human coronary artery diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24 (3): 546-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogami M, Ikura Y, Ohsawa M, et al. Telomere shortening in human coronary artery diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24 (3): 546-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benetos A, Okuda K, Lajemi M, et al. Telomere Length as an indicator of biological aging: the gender effect and relation with pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity. Hypertension 2001; 37(2):381-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benetos A, Okuda K, Lajemi M, et al. Telomere Length as an indicator of biological aging: the gender effect and relation with pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity. Hypertension 2001; 37(2):381-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Gardner JP, et al. Telomere Length and possible link to X chromosome. Lancet 2004; 363 (9408):507-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nawrot TS, Staessen JA, Gardner JP, et al. Telomere Length and possible link to X chromosome. Lancet 2004; 363 (9408):507-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boytsov SA, Strazhesko ID, Akasheva DU, et al. Insulin resistance: good or bad? Development mechanisms and the association with age-related vascular changes. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2013; 12(4): 91-7 (Бойцов С.А., Стражеско И.Д., Акашева Д.У., и др. Инсулинорезистент-ность: благо или зло? механизмы развития и связь с возраст-ассоциированными изменения-ми сосудов. Кардиоваскулярная Терапия и Профилактика 2013; 12(4): 91-7).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boytsov SA, Strazhesko ID, Akasheva DU, et al. Insulin resistance: good or bad? Development mechanisms and the association with age-related vascular changes. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention 2013; 12(4): 91-7 (Бойцов С.А., Стражеско И.Д., Акашева Д.У., и др. Инсулинорезистент-ность: благо или зло? механизмы развития и связь с возраст-ассоциированными изменения-ми сосудов. Кардиоваскулярная Терапия и Профилактика 2013; 12(4): 91-7).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Demissie S, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, et al. Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hypertension, and leukocyte telomere length in men from the Framingham Heart Study. Aging Cell 2006; 5:325-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Demissie S, Levy D, Benjamin EJ, et al. Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, hypertension, and leukocyte telomere length in men from the Framingham Heart Study. Aging Cell 2006; 5:325-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos JH, Meyer JN, Skorvaga M, et al. Mitochondrial hTERT exacerbates free-radical-mediated mtDNA damage. Aging Cell 2004;3:399-411.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos JH, Meyer JN, Skorvaga M, et al. Mitochondrial hTERT exacerbates free-radical-mediated mtDNA damage. Aging Cell 2004;3:399-411.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed S, Passos JF, Birket MJ, et al. Telomerase does not counteract telomere shorteningbut protects mitochondrial function under oxidative stress. J Cell Sci 2008;121:1046-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed S, Passos JF, Birket MJ, et al. Telomerase does not counteract telomere shorteningbut protects mitochondrial function under oxidative stress. J Cell Sci 2008;121:1046-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haendeler J, Drose S, Buchner N, et al. Mitochondrial telomerase reverse transcriptasebinds to and protects mitochondrial DNA and function from damage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:929-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haendeler J, Drose S, Buchner N, et al. Mitochondrial telomerase reverse transcriptasebinds to and protects mitochondrial DNA and function from damage. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:929-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gleichmann U, Gleichmann US, Gleichmann S. From cardiovascular prevention to anti-aging medicine: influence on telomere and cell aging. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2011;136(38):1913-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gleichmann U, Gleichmann US, Gleichmann S. From cardiovascular prevention to anti-aging medicine: influence on telomere and cell aging. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2011;136(38):1913-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol 2008;9(11):1048-57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ornish D, Lin J, Daubenmier J, et al. Increased telomerase activity and comprehensive lifestyle changes: a pilot study. Lancet Oncol 2008;9(11):1048-57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spyridopoulos I, Haendeler J, Urbich C, et al. Statins enhancemigratorycapacity by upregulation of the telomere repeat-binding factor TRF2 in endothelial progenitorcells. Circulation 2004; 110: 3136-42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spyridopoulos I, Haendeler J, Urbich C, et al. Statins enhancemigratorycapacity by upregulation of the telomere repeat-binding factor TRF2 in endothelial progenitorcells. Circulation 2004; 110: 3136-42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strazhesko ID, Akasheva DU, Dudinskaya EN, et al. Renin-angiotinsin-aldosterone system and vascular aging. Cardiology 2013; (7): 78-84 (Стражеско И.Д., Акашева Д.У., ДудинскаяЕ.Н., и др. Ре-нин-ангиотензин-альдостероновая система и старение сосудов. Кардиология 2013; (7): 78-84).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strazhesko ID, Akasheva DU, Dudinskaya EN, et al. Renin-angiotinsin-aldosterone system and vascular aging. Cardiology 2013; (7): 78-84 (Стражеско И.Д., Акашева Д.У., ДудинскаяЕ.Н., и др. Ре-нин-ангиотензин-альдостероновая система и старение сосудов. Кардиология 2013; (7): 78-84).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson TJ, Elstein E, Haber H, Charbonneau F. Comparative study of ACEinhibition, angiotensin II antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flowmediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease (BANFF study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:60-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson TJ, Elstein E, Haber H, Charbonneau F. Comparative study of ACEinhibition, angiotensin II antagonism, and calcium channel blockade on flowmediated vasodilation in patients with coronary disease (BANFF study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:60-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Versari D, et al. Different effect of antihypertensive drugs on conduit artery endothelial function. Hypertension 2003;41:1281-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Versari D, et al. Different effect of antihypertensive drugs on conduit artery endothelial function. Hypertension 2003;41:1281-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antony I, Lerebours G, Nitenberg A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition restores flow-dependent and cold pressor test-induced dilations in coronary arteries of hypertensive patients. Circulation 1996;94:3115-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antony I, Lerebours G, Nitenberg A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition restores flow-dependent and cold pressor test-induced dilations in coronary arteries of hypertensive patients. Circulation 1996;94:3115-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceconi C, Fox K, Remme W, et al. ACE inhibition with perindopril and endothelial function. Results of a substudy of the EUROPA study: PERTINENT. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:237-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceconi C, Fox K, Remme W, et al. ACE inhibition with perindopril and endothelial function. Results of a substudy of the EUROPA study: PERTINENT. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:237-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrari R, Guardigli G, Ceconi C. Secondary prevention of CAD with ACE inhibitors: a struglle between life and death of the endothelium. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 2010;24:331-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari R, Guardigli G, Ceconi C. Secondary prevention of CAD with ACE inhibitors: a struglle between life and death of the endothelium. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 2010;24:331-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferrari R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in cardiovascular disease: evidence with perindopril. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005; 3:15-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferrari R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in cardiovascular disease: evidence with perindopril. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005; 3:15-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceconi C, Francolini G, Bastianon D, et al. Differences in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the rate of endothelial cell apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 2007;21:423-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceconi C, Francolini G, Bastianon D, et al. Differences in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the rate of endothelial cell apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cardiovasc Drug Ther 2007;21:423-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ceconi C, Francolini G, Olivares A, et al. Angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have different selectivity for bradykinin binding sites of human somatic ACE. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;577:1-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ceconi C, Francolini G, Olivares A, et al. Angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have different selectivity for bradykinin binding sites of human somatic ACE. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;577:1-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goon PK, Boos CJ, Lip GY. Circulating endothelial cells: markers of vascular dysfunction. Clin Lab 2005;51:531-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goon PK, Boos CJ, Lip GY. Circulating endothelial cells: markers of vascular dysfunction. Clin Lab 2005;51:531-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
