rpcardioRational Pharmacotherapy in CardiologyРациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии1819-64462225-3653«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC10.20996/1819-6446-2022-08-15rpcardio-2799Research ArticlePOINT OF VIEWТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯUric Acid as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular DiseasesМочевая кислота как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-8388СафарянА. С.SafaryanA. S.

Сафарян Ануш Сергеевна.

Москва.

eLibrary SPIN 4172-6428

Anush S. Safaryan.

Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN 4172-6428

asafaryan@gnicpm.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3391-0193ЛишутаА. С.LishutaA. S.

Лишута Алексей Сергеевич.

Москва.

eLibrary SPIN 4365-4788

Alexey S. Lishuta.

Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN 4365-4788

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5265-3164НебиеридзеД. В.NebieridzeD. V.

Небиеридзе Давид Васильевич.

Москва.

eLibrary SPIN 1834-9295

David V. Nebieridze.

Moscow.

eLibrary SPIN 1834-9295

Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр терапии и профилактической медициныРоссияNational Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive MedicineRussian FederationПервый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский университет)РоссияI.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202208092022184473479Copyright © Safaryan A.S., Lishuta A.S., Nebieridze D.V., 20222022Сафарян А.С., Лишута А.С., Небиеридзе Д.В.Safaryan A.S., Lishuta A.S., Nebieridze D.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2799

Recently, hyperuricemia and its association with cardiovascular disease have been receiving more and more attention. The article talks about the role of uric acid in the body, the reasons for its increase and the impact of elevated uric acid levels on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms of influence of hyperuricemia on the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases are presented. Medicinal and non-drug ways to reduce the level of uric acid in the blood are considered. From non-drug methods, attention is focused on the hypopurine diet, adequate drinking regimen and normalization of body weight. Separately, the effect on the level of uric acid of various drugs used in clinical practice is considered. In the light of current clinical guidelines, the issue of the need to prescribe drug therapy for asymptomatic hyperuricemia is discussed.

В последнее время научным сообществом все больше внимания уделяется гиперурикемии и ее связи с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями. В статье освещается роль мочевой кислоты в организме, причинах ее повышения и влияния повышенного уровня мочевой кислоты на сердечно-сосудистую систему. Представлены механизмы влияния гиперурикемии на развитие и прогрессирование сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Рассматриваются лекарственные и нелекарственные способы снижения уровня мочевой кислоты в крови. Из немедикаментозных методов внимание акцентируется на гипопуриновой диете, адекватном питьевом режиме и нормализации массы тела. Отдельно рассматривается влияние на уровень мочевой кислоты различных лекарственных средств, применяемых в клинической практике. В свете актуальных клинических рекомендаций обсуждается вопрос о необходимости назначения лекарственной терапии при бессимптомном течении гиперурикемии.

мочевая кислотагиперурикемияподаграсердечно-сосудистые заболеваниявоспалениеметаболический синдромuric acidhyperuricemiagoutcardiovascular diseasesinflammationmetabolic syndromeReferencesWilliams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-104. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021-104. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.Чазова И.Е., Жернакова Ю.В., Кисляк О.А., и др. Консенсус по ведению пациентов с гиперурикемией и высоким сердечно-сосудистым риском. Системные Гипертензии. 2019;16(4):8-21. DOI:10.26442/2075082X.2019.4.190686.Chazova I.E., Zhernakova Ju.V., Kisliak O.A. et al. Consensus on patients with hyperuricemia and high cardiovascular risk treatment. Systemic Hypertension. 2019;16(4):8-21 (In Russ.) DOI:10.26442/2075082X.2019.4.190686.Dehlin M, Jacobsson L, Roddy E. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(7):380-90. DOI:10.1038/s41584-020-0441-1.Dehlin M, Jacobsson L, Roddy E. Global epidemiology of gout: prevalence, incidence, treatment patterns and risk factors. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16(7):380-90. DOI:10.1038/s41584-020-0441-1.Song P, Wang H, Xia W, et al. Prevalence and correlates of hyperuricemia in the middle-aged and older adults in China. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4314. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-22570-9.Song P, Wang H, Xia W, et al. Prevalence and correlates of hyperuricemia in the middle-aged and older adults in China. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4314. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-22570-9.Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, et al. Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(6):700-9. DOI:10.2174/1381612825666190408122557.Chen-Xu M, Yokose C, Rai SK, et al. Contemporary Prevalence of Gout and Hyperuricemia in the United States and Decadal Trends: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2016. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(6):700-9. DOI:10.2174/1381612825666190408122557.Шальнова С.А., Деев А.Д., Артамонова Г.В., и др. Гиперурикемия и ее корреляты в российской популяции (результаты эпидемиологического исследования ЭССЕ-РФ). Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2014;10(2):153-9. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2014-10-2-153-159.Shalnova SA, Deev AD, Artamonov GV, et al. Hyperuricemia and its correlates in the Russian population (results of ESSE-RF epidemiological study). Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2014;10(2):153-9. (In Russ.) DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2014-10-2-153-159.Li Y, Shen Z, Zhu B, et al. Demographic, regional and temporal trends of hyperuricemia epidemics in mainland China from 2000 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Health Action. 2021;14(1):1874652. DOI:10.1080/16549716.2021.1874652.Li Y, Shen Z, Zhu B, et al. Demographic, regional and temporal trends of hyperuricemia epidemics in mainland China from 2000 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Glob Health Action. 2021;14(1):1874652. DOI:10.1080/16549716.2021.1874652.Kleber M, Delgado G, Grammer T, et al. Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Events: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(11):2831-8. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2014070660.Kleber M, Delgado G, Grammer T, et al. Uric Acid and Cardiovascular Events: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(11):2831-8. DOI:10.1681/ASN.2014070660.Nitsch D, Grams M, Sang Y, et al; Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with mortality and renal failure by sex: a meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:f324. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f324.Nitsch D, Grams M, Sang Y, et al; Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Associations of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with mortality and renal failure by sex: a meta-analy-sis. BMJ. 2013;346:f324. DOI:10.1136/bmj.f324.Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(3):407-77. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.Галунска Б., Паскалев Д., Янкова Т., Чанкова П. Двуликий янус биохимии: мочевая кислота-оксидант или антиоксидант? Нефрология. 2004;8(4):25-31. DOI:10.24884/1561-6274-2004-8-4-25-31.Galunska B, Paskalev D, Jankova T, Chankova P. The two-faced Janus of biochemistry: uric acid-oxidant or antioxidant? Nephrology. 2004;8(4):25-31. (In Russ.) DOI:10.24884/1561-6274-2004-8-4-25-31.Liu N, Xu H, Sun Q, et al. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:1470380. DOI:10.1155/2021/1470380.Liu N, Xu H, Sun Q, et al. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Hyperuricemia and Xanthine Oxidoreductase (XOR) Inhibitors. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:1470380. DOI:10.1155/2021/1470380.Hao Y, Li H, Cao Y, et al. Uricase and Horseradish Peroxidase Hybrid CaHPO(4) Nanoflower Integrated with Transcutaneous Patches for Treatment of Hyperuricemia. J BioMed Nanotechnol. 2019;15(5):951-65. DOI:10.1166/jbn.2019.2752.Hao Y, Li H, Cao Y, et al. Uricase and Horseradish Peroxidase Hybrid CaHPO(4) Nanoflower Integrated with Transcutaneous Patches for Treatment of Hyperuricemia. J BioMed Nanotechnol. 2019;15(5):951-65. DOI:10.1166/jbn.2019.2752.Virdis A, Masi S, Casiglia E, et al. Identification of the Uric Acid Thresholds Predicting an Increased Total and Cardiovascular Mortality Over 20 Years. Hypertension. 2020;75(2):302-8. DOI:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13643.Virdis A, Masi S, Casiglia E, et al. Identification of the Uric Acid Thresholds Predicting an Increased Total and Cardiovascular Mortality Over 20 Years. Hypertension. 2020;75(2):302-8. DOI:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13643.Richette P, Bardin T. Gout. Lancet. 2010;75 (9711):318-28. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7.Richette P, Bardin T. Gout. Lancet. 2010;75 (9711):318-28. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7.Елисеев М.С., Елисеева М.Е. Современные аспекты патогенеза и коррекции гиперурикемии, а также ассоциированных с ней состояний. Эффективная Фармакотерапия. Ревматология, Травматология и Ортопедия. 2019;15(8):32-40. DOI:10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-8-32-40.Eliseev MS, Eliseeva ME. Modern aspects of pathogenesis and correction of hyperuricemia and associated conditions. Effective Pharmacotherapy. Rheumatology, Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2019;15(8):32-40 (In Russ.) DOI:10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-8-32-40.Mumford SL, Dasharathy SS, Pollack AZ, Pet al. Serum uric acid in relation to endogenous reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle: findings from the BioCycle study. Human Reproduction. 2013;28(7):1853-62. DOI:10.1093/humrep/det085.Mumford SL, Dasharathy SS, Pollack AZ, Pet al. Serum uric acid in relation to endogenous reproductive hormones during the menstrual cycle: findings from the BioCycle study. Human Reproduction. 2013;28(7):1853-62. DOI:10.1093/humrep/det085.Hak AE, Choi HK. Menopause, postmenopausal hormone use and serum uric acid levels in US women. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(5):1-7. DOI:10.1186/ar2519.Hak AE, Choi HK. Menopause, postmenopausal hormone use and serum uric acid levels in US women. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(5):1-7. DOI:10.1186/ar2519.Руководство для врачей общей практики (семейных врачей). Подагра. Ассоциация врачей общей практики Российской Федерации. Ю:ВОП32 (201 5) [цитировано 10.03.2022. Доступно из: https://endouroclinic.ru/media/file-galleries/qpbowb/Podagra%20Rukovodstvo%202015.PDF.Guidelines for general practitioners (family physicians). Gout. Association of General Practitioners (Family Physicians) of the Russian Federation. ID:VOP32 (2015) [cited 2022 Mar 10]. Available from: https://endouroclinic.ru/media/file-galleries/qpbowb/Podagra%20Rukovodstvo%202015 .PDF (In Russ.)Кобалава Ж.Д., Толкачева В.В., Караулова Ю.Л. Мочевая кислота - маркер и/или новый фактор риска развития сердечно-сосудистых осложнений? Русский Медицинский Журнал. 2002;(10):431.Kobalava JD, Tolkacheva VV, Karaulova YL. Uric acid - a marker and/or a new risk factor for cardiovascular complications? Russian Medical Journal. 2002;(10):431 (In Russ.)Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum Uric Acid and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Death: The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(1):7-13. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003.Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum Uric Acid and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Death: The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(1):7-13. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003.Kuwabara M, Hisatome I, Niwa K, et al. Uric Acid Is a Strong Risk Marker for Developing Hypertension From Prehypertension: A 5-Year Japanese Cohort Study. Hypertension. 2018;71(1):78-86. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10370.Kuwabara M, Hisatome I, Niwa K, et al. Uric Acid Is a Strong Risk Marker for Developing Hypertension From Prehypertension: A 5-Year Japanese Cohort Study. Hypertension. 2018;71(1):78-86. DOI:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10370.Maruhashi T, Hisatome I, Kihara Y, Higashi Y. Hyperuricemia and endothelial function: From molecular background to clinical perspectives. Atherosclerosis. 2018;278:226-31. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.007.Maruhashi T, Hisatome I, Kihara Y, Higashi Y. Hyperuricemia and endothelial function: From molecular background to clinical perspectives. Atherosclerosis. 2018;278:226-31. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.10.007.Fang J, Alderman M. Serum uric acid and cardiovascular mortality: The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2000;283(18):2404-10. DOI:10.1001/jama.283.18.2404.Fang J, Alderman M. Serum uric acid and cardiovascular mortality: The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2000;283(18):2404-10. DOI:10.1001/jama.283.18.2404.Freedman DS, Willamson DF, Gunter EW, Byers T. Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ishemic heart disease. The NHANES 1 Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(7):637-44. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117479.Freedman DS, Willamson DF, Gunter EW, Byers T. Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ishemic heart disease. The NHANES 1 Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(7):637-44. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117479.Niskanen LK, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssonen K, et al. Uric acid level as a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med.2004;164(14):1546-51. DOI:10.1001/archinte.164.14.1546.Niskanen LK, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssonen K, et al. Uric acid level as a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle-aged men: a prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med.2004;164(14):1546-51. DOI:10.1001/archinte.164.14.1546.Lu J, Sun M, Wu X, et al. Urate-lowering therapy alleviates atherosclerosis inflammatory response factors and neointimal lesions in a mouse model of induced carotid atherosclerosis. FEBS J. 2019;286(7):1346-59. DOI:10.1111/febs.14768.Lu J, Sun M, Wu X, et al. Urate-lowering therapy alleviates atherosclerosis inflammatory response factors and neointimal lesions in a mouse model of induced carotid atherosclerosis. FEBS J. 2019;286(7):1346-59. DOI:10.1111/febs.14768.Li Z, Shen Y, Chen Y, et al. High Uric Acid Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Viability Through the ERK/P38 Pathway via Oxidative Stress. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(3):1156-64. DOI:10.1159/000487356.Li Z, Shen Y, Chen Y, et al. High Uric Acid Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Viability Through the ERK/P38 Pathway via Oxidative Stress. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(3):1156-64. DOI:10.1159/000487356.Zhi L, Yuzhang Z, Tianliang H, et al. High Uric Acid Induces Insulin Resistance in Cardiomyocytes In Vitro and In Vivo. PloS One. 2016;11(2):e0147737. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0147737.Zhi L, Yuzhang Z, Tianliang H, et al. High Uric Acid Induces Insulin Resistance in Cardiomyocytes In Vitro and In Vivo. PloS One. 2016;11(2):e0147737. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0147737.Yan M, Chen K, He L, et al. Uric Acid Induces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis via Activation of Calpain-1 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(5):2122-35. DOI:10.1159/000488048.Yan M, Chen K, He L, et al. Uric Acid Induces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis via Activation of Calpain-1 and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;45(5):2122-35. DOI:10.1159/000488048.Zhang S, Wang Y, Cheng J, et al. Hyperuricemia and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(6):700-9. DOI:10.2174/1381612825666190408122557.Zhang S, Wang Y, Cheng J, et al. Hyperuricemia and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(6):700-9. DOI:10.2174/1381612825666190408122557.Ndrepepa G. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;484:150-163. DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.046.Ndrepepa G. Uric acid and cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2018;484:150-163. DOI:10.1016/j.cca.2018.05.046.Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum Uric Acid and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Death: The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(1):7-13. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003.Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum Uric Acid and Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and Death: The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(1):7-13. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003.Wu AH, Gladden JD, Ahmed M, et al. Relation of serum uric acid to cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2016;213:4-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.110.Wu AH, Gladden JD, Ahmed M, et al. Relation of serum uric acid to cardiovascular disease. Int J Cardiol. 2016;213:4-7. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.110.Rho YH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: A multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(6):1029-33. DOI:10.3346/jkms.2005.20.6.1029.Rho YH, Choi SJ, Lee YH, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: A multicenter study. J Korean Med Sci. 2005;20(6):1029-33. DOI:10.3346/jkms.2005.20.6.1029.Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension. 2003;41(6):1183-90. DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.0000069700.62727.C5.Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension. 2003;41(6):1183-90. DOI:10.1161/01.HYP.0000069700.62727.C5.Edwards NL. The role of hyperuricemia and gout in kidney and cardiovascular disease. Clev Clin J Med. 2008;75 suppl 5:S13-6. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.75.suppl_5.s13.Edwards NL. The role of hyperuricemia and gout in kidney and cardiovascular disease. Clev Clin J Med. 2008;75 suppl 5:S13-6. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.75.suppl_5.s13.Zhao J, Chen H, Liu N, et al. Role of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hyperuricemia in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2017;26(12):2695-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.Zhao J, Chen H, Liu N, et al. Role of Hyperhomocysteinemia and Hyperuricemia in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2017;26(12):2695-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.Zhou Y, Zhao M, Pu Z, et al. Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperuricemia. Medicine. 2018;97(49):e13108. DOI:10.1097/md.0000000000013108.Zhou Y, Zhao M, Pu Z, et al. Relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperuricemia. Medicine. 2018;97(49):e13108. DOI:10.1097/md.0000000000013108.Ouppatham S, Bancha S, Choovichian P. The relationship of hyperuricemia and blood pressure in the Thai army population. J Postgrad Med. 2008;54(4):259-62. DOI:10.4103/0022-3859.43509.Ouppatham S, Bancha S, Choovichian P. The relationship of hyperuricemia and blood pressure in the Thai army population. J Postgrad Med. 2008;54(4):259-62. DOI:10.4103/0022-3859.43509.Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishi Y, et al. Relationship between serum uric acid levels and hypertension among Japanese individuals not treated for hyperuricemia and hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2014;37(8):785-9. DOI:10.1038/hr.2014.75.Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishi Y, et al. Relationship between serum uric acid levels and hypertension among Japanese individuals not treated for hyperuricemia and hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2014;37(8):785-9. DOI:10.1038/hr.2014.75.Wang J, Qin T, Chen J, et al. Hyperuricemia and Risk of Incident Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114259. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0114259.Wang J, Qin T, Chen J, et al. Hyperuricemia and Risk of Incident Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):e114259. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0114259.Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, et al. Serum uric acid, diuretic treatmentand risk of cardiovascular events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Hypertens. 2000;18(8):1149-54. DOI:10.1097/00004872-200018080-00021.Franse LV, Pahor M, Di Bari M, et al. Serum uric acid, diuretic treatmentand risk of cardiovascular events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). J Hypertens. 2000;18(8):1149-54. DOI:10.1097/00004872-200018080-00021.Tan Q, Liu L, Huang Y, et al. Relationship Between Change in Serum Uric Acid and Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Hypertensive Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:717128. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2021.717128.Tan Q, Liu L, Huang Y, et al. Relationship Between Change in Serum Uric Acid and Ischemic Stroke in Chinese Hypertensive Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:717128. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2021.717128.Zhao G, Huang L, Song M, Song Y. Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2013;231(1):61-8. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.023.Zhao G, Huang L, Song M, Song Y. Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2013;231(1):61-8. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.023.Ndrepepa G, Braun S, King L, et al. Association of uric acid with mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Metabolism. 2012;61(12):1780-6. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.014.Ndrepepa G, Braun S, King L, et al. Association of uric acid with mortality in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Metabolism. 2012;61(12):1780-6. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.014.Latourte A, Julien Dumurgier J, Paquet C, Richette P. Hyperuricemia, Gout, and the Brain-an Update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2021;30;23(12):82. DOI:10.1007/s11926-021-01050-6.Latourte A, Julien Dumurgier J, Paquet C, Richette P. Hyperuricemia, Gout, and the Brain-an Update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2021;30;23(12):82. DOI:10.1007/s11926-021-01050-6.Tana C, Ticinesi A, Prati B, et al. Uric Acid and Cognitive Function in Older Individuals. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):975. DOI:10.3390/nu10080975.Tana C, Ticinesi A, Prati B, et al. Uric Acid and Cognitive Function in Older Individuals. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):975. DOI:10.3390/nu10080975.Padda J, Khalid K, Padda P, et al. Hyperuricemia and Its Association With Ischemic Stroke. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e18172. DOI:10.7759/cureus.18172.Padda J, Khalid K, Padda P, et al. Hyperuricemia and Its Association With Ischemic Stroke. Cureus. 2021;13(9):e18172. DOI:10.7759/cureus.18172.Fatima T, Iftikhar S, Qureshi I. Association between Hyperuricemia and Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2020;30(8):853-6. DOI:10.29271/jcpsp.2020.08.853.Fatima T, Iftikhar S, Qureshi I. Association between Hyperuricemia and Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2020;30(8):853-6. DOI:10.29271/jcpsp.2020.08.853.Krishnan E, Pandya BJ, Lingala B, et al. Hyperuricemia and untreated gout are poor prognostic markers among those with a recent acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R10. DOI:10.1186/ar3684.Krishnan E, Pandya BJ, Lingala B, et al. Hyperuricemia and untreated gout are poor prognostic markers among those with a recent acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(1):R10. DOI:10.1186/ar3684.Tscharre M, Herman R, Rohla M, et al. Uric acid is associated with long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2018;270:173-9. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.003.Tscharre M, Herman R, Rohla M, et al. Uric acid is associated with long-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2018;270:173-9. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.003.Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishihara S, et al. Hyperuricemia is an independent competing risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2017;231(15):137-42. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.268.Kuwabara M, Niwa K, Nishihara S, et al. Hyperuricemia is an independent competing risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiol. 2017;231(15):137-42. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.268.Taufiq F, Li P, Miake J, Hisatome I. Hyperuricemia as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation Due to Soluble and Crystalized Uric Acid. Circ Rep. 2019;1(11):469-473. DOI:10.1253/circrep.Taufiq F, Li P, Miake J, Hisatome I. Hyperuricemia as a Risk Factor for Atrial Fibrillation Due to Soluble and Crystalized Uric Acid. Circ Rep. 2019;1(11):469-473. DOI:10.1253/circrep.Maharani N, Kuwabara M, Hisatome I. Hyperuricemia and Atrial Fibrillation. Int Heart J. 2016;57(4):395-9. DOI:10.1536/ihj.16-192.Maharani N, Kuwabara M, Hisatome I. Hyperuricemia and Atrial Fibrillation. Int Heart J. 2016;57(4):395-9. DOI:10.1536/ihj.16-192.Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2011 ;23(2):192-202. DOI:10.1097/БОР.0b013e3283438e13.Singh JA, Reddy SG, Kundukulam J. Risk factors for gout and prevention: a systematic review of the literature. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2011 ;23(2):192-202. DOI:10.1097/БОР.0b013e3283438e13.Kakutani-Hatayama M, Kadoya M, Okazaki H, et al. Nonpharmacological Management of Gout and Hyperuricemia: Hints for Better Lifestyle. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;11(4):321-9. DOI:10.1177/1559827615601973.Kakutani-Hatayama M, Kadoya M, Okazaki H, et al. Nonpharmacological Management of Gout and Hyperuricemia: Hints for Better Lifestyle. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2017;11(4):321-9. DOI:10.1177/1559827615601973.Fam AG. Gout, diet and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(7):1350-5.Fam AG. Gout, diet and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Rheumatol. 2002;29(7):1350-5.Towiwat P, Li ZG. The association of vitamin C, alcohol, coffee, tea, milk and yogurt with uric acid and gout. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;18(5):495-501. DOI:10.1111/1756-185X.12622.Towiwat P, Li ZG. The association of vitamin C, alcohol, coffee, tea, milk and yogurt with uric acid and gout. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;18(5):495-501. DOI:10.1111/1756-185X.12622.Zang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, et al. Cherry consumption and decreased risk of recurrent gout attaks. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):4004-11. DOI:10.1002/art.34677.Zang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, et al. Cherry consumption and decreased risk of recurrent gout attaks. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(12):4004-11. DOI:10.1002/art.34677.Kanbara A, Hakoda M, Seyama I. Urine alkalization facilitates uric acid excretion. Nutr J. 2010;9:45. DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-9-45.Kanbara A, Hakoda M, Seyama I. Urine alkalization facilitates uric acid excretion. Nutr J. 2010;9:45. DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-9-45.Borghi C, Rosei EA, Bardin T, et al. Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(9):1729-41. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000701.Borghi C, Rosei EA, Bardin T, et al. Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(9):1729-41. DOI:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000701.Moriwaki Y. Effects on Uric Acid Metabolism of the Drugs except the Antihyperuricemics. J Bioequiv Availab. 2014;6(1):10-7. DOI:10.4172/jbb.1000173.Moriwaki Y. Effects on Uric Acid Metabolism of the Drugs except the Antihyperuricemics. J Bioequiv Availab. 2014;6(1):10-7. DOI:10.4172/jbb.1000173.Кобалава Ж.Д., Конради А.О., Недогода С.В., и др. Артериальная гипертензия у взрослых. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал 2020;25(3):149-218. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786.Kobalava JD, Konradi AO, Nedogoda SV, et al. Arterial hypertension in adults. Clinical guidelines 2020. Russian Journal of Cardiology 2020;25(3):149-218 (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3-3786.White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al.; CARES Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. New Eng J Med. 2018;378(13):1200-10. DOI:10.1056/NEJ-Moa1710895.White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al.; CARES Investigators. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. New Eng J Med. 2018;378(13):1200-10. DOI:10.1056/NEJ-Moa1710895.Jansen TLTA, Janssen M. Gout lessons from 2018: CARES, a direct comparison of febuxostat vs allopurinol, and CANTOS, IL1 blocker for cardiovascular risk minimisation. Clinical Rheumatology 2019;38(1):263-5. DOI:10.1007/s10067-018-4396-4.Jansen TLTA, Janssen M. Gout lessons from 2018: CARES, a direct comparison of febuxostat vs allopurinol, and CANTOS, IL1 blocker for cardiovascular risk minimisation. Clinical Rheumatology 2019;38(1):263-5. DOI:10.1007/s10067-018-4396-4.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.