<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2023-2878</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">DVSIQI</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-2878</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POINT OF VIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Biomarkers in assessing the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques: a narrative review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биомаркеры в оценке уязвимости  атеросклеротических бляшек: нарративный обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4526-8003</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковальская</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalskaya</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковальская Анна Николаевна</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna N. Kovalskaya</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kovalskaya.an@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6453-2976</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дупляков</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Duplyakov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дупляков Дмитрий Викторович</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">duplyakov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Самарский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России; Самарский областной клинический кардиологический диспансер им. В.П. Полякова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Samara State Medical University; V.P. Polyakov Samara Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>282</fpage><lpage>288</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kovalskaya A.N., Duplyakov D.V., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ковальская А.Н., Дупляков Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kovalskaya A.N., Duplyakov D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2878">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2878</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To study the role of biomarkers in assessing the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. A review of literature sources investigating the biomarker assessment of the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques published for the period 01.01.2016 to 31.12.2022 was carried out. Literature search was carried out in English and Russian in PubMed databases, in Google Academy, Elibrary.ru according to the following keywords: “biomarkers of plaque vulnerability”, “NLR and vulnerable plaque”, “CRP and vulnerable plaque”, ”MMP-9 and vulnerable plaque”, “TIMP-1 and vulnerable plaque”, ”galectin-3 and vulnerable plaque”, “NGAL and vulnerable plaque”. A total of 183 articles were found, of which 42 articles in full-text format containing original clinical studies were selected for the preparation of this review.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Numerous studies have shown that the vulnerability and rupture of the plaque, rather than its size and severity of stenosis, are the main cause of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease. Small plaques rich in lipids often become unstable due to an inflammatory reaction supported by the interaction between lipoproteins, monocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocytes and vascular wall cells. NLR, CRP, NGAL, Galectin-3, as well as markers of extracellular matrix degradation (MMP-9, TIMP-1) can play a special role in assessing the vulnerability of plaques.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The development of acute coronary syndrome is based on the destabilization of the atherosclerotic plaque, which occurs not only due to changes in its lipid composition, but also infiltration by immuno-inflammatory cells, degradation of the extracellular matrix, as well as an active inflammatory reaction and neovascularization of the plaque. Therefore, traditional imaging methods that characterize the plaque by its appearance and size are not enough to predict the risk of rupture and the development of an acute thrombotic event. Thus, there is a need to identify new biomarkers that would correlate with the instability of plaque atheroma.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить роль биомаркеров в оценке уязвимости атеросклеротических бляшек.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Проведен обзор источников литературы, исследующих биомаркеры уязвимости атеросклеротических бляшек, опубликованных за период 01.01.2016г по 31.12.2022 г. Поиск литературы осуществлялся на английском и русском языках в базах данных Pubmed, Google Scholar, Elibrary.ru по ключевым словам «biomarkers of vulnerability plaque», «NLR and vulnerable plaque», «CRP and vulnerable plaque», «MMP-9 and vulnerable plaque», «TIMP-1 and vulnerable plaque», «Galectin-3 and vulnerable plaque», «NGAL and vulnerable plaque», «биомаркеры уязвимости бляшки», «NLR и уязвимая бляшка», «CРБ и уязвимая бляшка», «MMP-9 и уязвимая бляшка», «TIMP-1 и уязвимая бляшка», «Galectin-3 и уязвимая бляшка», «NGAL и уязвимая бляшка». Всего было найдено 183 статьи, из которых отобрано для подготовки данного обзора 42 статьи в полнотекстовом формате, содержащие оригинальные клинические исследования.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Многочисленные исследования показали, что уязвимость и разрыв бляшки, а не ее размер и тяжесть стеноза, являются основной причиной сердечно-сосудистых событий у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца. Небольшие бляшки, богатые липидами чаще становятся нестабильными из-за воспалительной реакции, поддерживаемой взаимодействием между липопротеинами, моноцитами, макрофагами, Т-лимфоцитами и клетками сосудистой стенки. Особую роль в оценке уязвимости бляшек могут играть NLR, СРБ, NGAL, галектин-3, а также маркеры деградации внеклеточного матрикса (MMP-9, TIMP-1).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В основе развития острого коронарного синдрома лежит дестабилизация атеросклеротической бляшки, которая происходит не только за счет изменения ее липидного состава, но и инфильтрации иммуновоспалительными клетками, деградации внеклеточного матрикса, а также активной воспалительной реакции и неоваскуляризация бляшки. Поэтому традиционных методов визуализации, характеризующих бляшку по ее внешнему виду и размеру, недостаточно для прогнозирования риска разрыва и развития острого тромботического события. Таким образом существует необходимость в выявлении новых биомаркеров, которые бы коррелировали с нестабильностью атеромы бляшек.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>маркеры уязвимости бляшек</kwd><kwd>NLR</kwd><kwd>высокочувствительный С-реактивный белок</kwd><kwd>MMP-9</kwd><kwd>TIMP-1</kwd><kwd>Galectin-3</kwd><kwd>NGAL</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>markers of plaque vulnerability</kwd><kwd>NLR</kwd><kwd>hsCRP</kwd><kwd>MMP-9</kwd><kwd>TIMP-1</kwd><kwd>Galectin-3</kwd><kwd>NGAL</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lynch M, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Jahangiri M, Mayr M. Vascular proteomics in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. J Intern Med. 2016;280(4):325–338. DOI:10.1111/joim.12486.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lynch M, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Jahangiri M, Mayr M. Vascular proteomics in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. J Intern Med. 2016;280(4):325–338. DOI:10.1111/joim.12486.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li T, Li X, Feng Y, et al. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:3872367. DOI:10.1155/2020/3872367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li T, Li X, Feng Y, et al. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability. Mediators Inflamm. 2020;2020:3872367. DOI:10.1155/2020/3872367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mushenkova NV, Summerhill VI, Zhang D, et al. Current Advances in the Diagnostic Imaging of Atherosclerosis: Insights into the Pathophysiology of Vulnerable Plaque. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2992. DOI:10.3390/ijms21082992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mushenkova NV, Summerhill VI, Zhang D, et al. Current Advances in the Diagnostic Imaging of Atherosclerosis: Insights into the Pathophysiology of Vulnerable Plaque. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(8):2992. DOI:10.3390/ijms21082992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumric M, Borovac JA, Martinovic D, et al. Circulating Biomarkers Reflecting Destabilization Mechanisms of Coronary Artery Plaques: Are We Looking for the Impossible? Biomolecules. 2021;11(6):881. DOI:10.3390/biom11060881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumric M, Borovac JA, Martinovic D, et al. Circulating Biomarkers Reflecting Destabilization Mechanisms of Coronary Artery Plaques: Are We Looking for the Impossible? Biomolecules. 2021;11(6):881. DOI:10.3390/biom11060881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Theofilis P, Sagris M, Antonopoulos AS, et al. Non-Invasive Modalities in the Assessment of Vulnerable Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques. Tomography. 2022;8(4):1742-1758. DOI:10.3390/tomography8040147.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Theofilis P, Sagris M, Antonopoulos AS, et al. Non-Invasive Modalities in the Assessment of Vulnerable Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques. Tomography. 2022;8(4):1742-1758. DOI:10.3390/tomography8040147.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kume N, Kita T. New scavenger receptors and their functions in atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2002;4(4):253-7. DOI:10.1007/s11883-002-0001-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kume N, Kita T. New scavenger receptors and their functions in atherogenesis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2002;4(4):253-7. DOI:10.1007/s11883-002-0001-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, et al. C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:430. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, et al. C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:430. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щербак С.Г., Камилова Т. А., Лебедева С. В., и др. Биомаркеры каротидного стеноза. Физическая и реабилитационная медицина, медицинская реабилитация. 2021;3(1):104-130. DOI:10.36425/rehab64286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scherbak SG, Kamilova TA, Lebedeva SV. Biomarkers of Carotid Stenosis. Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation. 2021;3(1):104-130 (In Russ.) DOI:10.36425/rehab64286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уткина Е.А., Афанасьева О. И., Покровский С. Н. С-реактивный белок: патогенетические свойства и возможная терапевтическая мишень. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021;26(6):4138.] DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utkina EA, Afanasyeva OI, Pokrovsky SN. C-reactive protein: pathogenetic characteristics and possible therapeutic target. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2021;26(6):4138. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang J, Zeng H, Zhuo Y, et al. Association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio With Plaque Rupture in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Only Intermediate Coronary Artery Lesions Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:770760. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2022.770760.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang J, Zeng H, Zhuo Y, et al. Association of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio With Plaque Rupture in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Only Intermediate Coronary Artery Lesions Assessed by Optical Coherence Tomography. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:770760. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2022.770760.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чаулин А.М., Григорьева Ю. В., Павлова Т. В., Дупляков Д. В. Диагностическая ценность клинического анализа крови при сердечно-сосудистых заболеваниях. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(12):3923. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3923.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chaulin AM, Grigorieva YuV, Pavlova TV, Duplyakov DV. Diagnostic significance of complete blood count in cardiovascular patients. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(12):3923. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-3923.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X, Li J, Wu G. Relationship of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Carotid Plaque Vulnerability and Occurrence of Vulnerable Carotid Plaque in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:6894623. DOI:10.1155/2021/6894623.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X, Li J, Wu G. Relationship of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Carotid Plaque Vulnerability and Occurrence of Vulnerable Carotid Plaque in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:6894623. DOI:10.1155/2021/6894623.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang XH, Liu SQ, Wang YL, Jin Y. Correlation of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(2):4260-6.22. DOI:10.4238/2014.June.9.11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang XH, Liu SQ, Wang YL, Jin Y. Correlation of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Genet Mol Res. 2014;13(2):4260-6.22. DOI:10.4238/2014.June.9.11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chiorescu RM, Mocan M, Inceu AI, et al. Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque: Is There a Molecular Signature? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(21):13638. DOI:10.3390/ijms232113638.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chiorescu RM, Mocan M, Inceu AI, et al. Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque: Is There a Molecular Signature? Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(21):13638. DOI:10.3390/ijms232113638.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Groot HE, Al Ali L, van der Horst ICC, et al. Plasma interleukin 6 levels are associated with cardiac function after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108(6):612-621. DOI:10.1007/s00392-018-1387-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Groot HE, Al Ali L, van der Horst ICC, et al. Plasma interleukin 6 levels are associated with cardiac function after ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Clin Res Cardiol. 2019;108(6):612-621. DOI:10.1007/s00392-018-1387-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Held C, White HD, Stewart RAH, et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein and Outcomes in Stable Coronary Heart Disease: Experiences from the STABILITY (Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):e005077. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.116.005077.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Held C, White HD, Stewart RAH, et al. Inflammatory Biomarkers Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein and Outcomes in Stable Coronary Heart Disease: Experiences from the STABILITY (Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaque by Initiation of Darapladib Therapy) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(10):e005077. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.116.005077.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hara A, Niwa M, Noguchi K, et al. Galectin-3 as a Next-Generation Biomarker for Detecting Early Stage of Various Diseases. Biomolecules. 2020;10(3):389. DOI:10.3390/biom10030389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hara A, Niwa M, Noguchi K, et al. Galectin-3 as a Next-Generation Biomarker for Detecting Early Stage of Various Diseases. Biomolecules. 2020;10(3):389. DOI:10.3390/biom10030389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Z, Liu Z, Wang R, et al. Galectin-3 Is a Potential Mediator for Atherosclerosis. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:1-11. DOI:10.1155/2020/5284728.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Z, Liu Z, Wang R, et al. Galectin-3 Is a Potential Mediator for Atherosclerosis. J Immunol Res. 2020;2020:1-11. DOI:10.1155/2020/5284728.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blanda V, Bracale UM, Di Taranto MD, Fortunato G. Galectin-3 in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(23):9232. DOI:10.3390/ijms21239232.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blanda V, Bracale UM, Di Taranto MD, Fortunato G. Galectin-3 in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(23):9232. DOI:10.3390/ijms21239232.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng Z, Cai K, Xu C, et al. Prognostic Value of Serum Galectin-3 in Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:783707. DOI:10.3389/ fcvm.2022.783707.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng Z, Cai K, Xu C, et al. Prognostic Value of Serum Galectin-3 in Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:783707. DOI:10.3389/ fcvm.2022.783707.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agnello L, Bivona G, Lo Sasso B, et al. Galectin-3 in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Biochem. 2017;50(13-14):797-803. DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.04.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agnello L, Bivona G, Lo Sasso B, et al. Galectin-3 in acute coronary syndrome. Clin Biochem. 2017;50(13-14):797-803. DOI:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.04.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozturk D, Celik O, Satilmis S, et al. Association between serum galectin-3 levels and coronary atherosclerosis and plaque burden/structure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(5):396-401. DOI:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozturk D, Celik O, Satilmis S, et al. Association between serum galectin-3 levels and coronary atherosclerosis and plaque burden/structure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(5):396-401. DOI:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sygitowicz G, Maciejak-Jastrzębska A, Sitkiewicz D. The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Galectin-3 in cardiovascular diseases. Biomolecules. 2021;12(1):46. DOI:10.3390/biom12010046.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sygitowicz G, Maciejak-Jastrzębska A, Sitkiewicz D. The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Galectin-3 in cardiovascular diseases. Biomolecules. 2021;12(1):46. DOI:10.3390/biom12010046.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li M, Guo K, Huang X, et al. Association Between Serum Galectin-3 Levels and Coronary Stenosis Severity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:818162. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2022.818162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li M, Guo K, Huang X, et al. Association Between Serum Galectin-3 Levels and Coronary Stenosis Severity in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:818162. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2022.818162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kook H, Jang DH, Kim JH, et al. Identification of plaque ruptures using a novel discriminative model comprising biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20228. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-77413-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kook H, Jang DH, Kim JH, et al. Identification of plaque ruptures using a novel discriminative model comprising biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):20228. DOI:10.1038/s41598-020-77413-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eilenberg W, Stojkovic S, Piechota-Polanczyk A, et al. Neutrophil GelatinaseAssociated Lipocalin (NGAL) is Associated with Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis and Drives Pro-inflammatory State In Vitro. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2016;51(5):623-31. DOI:10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.01.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eilenberg W, Stojkovic S, Piechota-Polanczyk A, et al. Neutrophil GelatinaseAssociated Lipocalin (NGAL) is Associated with Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis and Drives Pro-inflammatory State In Vitro. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2016;51(5):623-31. DOI:10.1016/j.ejvs.2016.01.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahinarslan A, Kocaman SA, Bas D, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in acute myocardial infarction and stable coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis. 2011;22:333-8. DOI:10.1097/MCA.0b013e3283472a71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahinarslan A, Kocaman SA, Bas D, et al. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels in acute myocardial infarction and stable coronary artery disease. Coron Artery Dis. 2011;22:333-8. DOI:10.1097/MCA.0b013e3283472a71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akcay AB, Ozlu MF, Sen N, et al. Prognostic significance of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Investig Med. 2012;60(2):508-13. DOI:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31823e9d86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akcay AB, Ozlu MF, Sen N, et al. Prognostic significance of neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Investig Med. 2012;60(2):508-13. DOI:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31823e9d86.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зыков М.В., Кашталап В. В., Быкова И. С., и др. Клинический и прогностический уровень липокалина, ассоциированного с нейтрофильной желатиназой у пациентов с инфарктом миокарда с подъемом сегмента ST. Кардиология 2016;56(5):249. DOI:10.18565/cardio.2016.5.24-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zykov MV, Kashtalap VV, Bykova IS, et al. Clinical and prognostic value of serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Kardiologiia. 2016;56(5):24-9. (In Russ.) DOI:10.18565/cardio.2016.5.24-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivalingam Z, Larsen SB, Grove EL, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a risk marker in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;56(1):5-18. DOI:10.1515/cclm-2017-0120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivalingam Z, Larsen SB, Grove EL, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a risk marker in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2017;56(1):5-18. DOI:10.1515/cclm-2017-0120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katagiri M, Takahashi M, Doi K, et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration reflects severity of coronary artery disease in patients without heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Heart Vessels. 2016;31(10):1595602. DOI:10.1007/s00380-015-0776-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katagiri M, Takahashi M, Doi K, et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration reflects severity of coronary artery disease in patients without heart failure and chronic kidney disease. Heart Vessels. 2016;31(10):1595602. DOI:10.1007/s00380-015-0776-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woitas RP, Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels are U-shaped in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study-Impact for mortality. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171574. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0171574.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woitas RP, Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, et al. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels are U-shaped in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study-Impact for mortality. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171574. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0171574.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeLeon-Pennell KY, Meschiari CA, Jung M, Lindsey ML. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2017;147:75100. DOI:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.02.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeLeon-Pennell KY, Meschiari CA, Jung M, Lindsey ML. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2017;147:75100. DOI:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.02.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olejarz W, Łacheta D, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):3946. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113946.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olejarz W, Łacheta D, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G. Matrix Metalloproteinases as Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(11):3946. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113946.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, et al. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9739. DOI:10.3390/ijms21249739.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cabral-Pacheco GA, Garza-Veloz I, Castruita-De la Rosa C, et al. The Roles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(24):9739. DOI:10.3390/ijms21249739.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang X, Shi LZ. Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 C1562T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2014;15(3):256-63. DOI:10.1631/jzus.B1300088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang X, Shi LZ. Association of matrix metalloproteinase-9 C1562T polymorphism and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2014;15(3):256-63. DOI:10.1631/jzus.B1300088.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang MM, Chang XW, Hao XQ, et al. Association between matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;9(10):9468-9479. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.23293.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang MM, Chang XW, Hao XQ, et al. Association between matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease: an update systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;9(10):9468-9479. DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.23293.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dorecka M, Francuz T, Garczorz W, et al. The influence of elastin degradation products, glucose and atorvastatin on metalloproteinase-1, -2, -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, -2, -3 expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Biochim Pol. 2014;61(2):265-70. DOI:10.18388/abp.2014_1894.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorecka M, Francuz T, Garczorz W, et al. The influence of elastin degradation products, glucose and atorvastatin on metalloproteinase-1, -2, -9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, -2, -3 expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Biochim Pol. 2014;61(2):265-70. DOI:10.18388/abp.2014_1894.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blum A. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), inflammation, and endothelial progenitor cells-New mechanistic insights of atherosclerosis. Biofactors. 2014;40(3):295-302. DOI:10.1002/biof.1157.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blum A. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), inflammation, and endothelial progenitor cells-New mechanistic insights of atherosclerosis. Biofactors. 2014;40(3):295-302. DOI:10.1002/biof.1157.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
