<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2023-01-05</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-2884</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>POINT OF VIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТОЧКА ЗРЕНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse: New Menaces of the Known Disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аритмогенный пролапс митрального клапана: новые угрозы известного заболевания</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0264-2686</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кужель</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzhel</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кужель Дмитрий Анатольевич.</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitriy A. Kuzhel.</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dakushel@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0150-6092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матюшин</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matyushin</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Матюшин Геннадий Васильевич.</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gennadiy V. Matyushin.</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4438-1434</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Савченко Елена Александровна.</p><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Savchenko.</p><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого; Красноярская краевая больница №2</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University; Regional state hospital №2</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Professor V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kuzhel D.A., Matyushin G.V., Savchenko E.A., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кужель Д.А., Матюшин Г.В., Савченко Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzhel D.A., Matyushin G.V., Savchenko E.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2884">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/2884</self-uri><abstract><p>Mitral  valve prolapse  (MVP) has  long  been  the subject  of intense  discussions regarding the prognosis and  follow-up tactics.  In most  cases,  this condition has a benign prognosis. However, recent autopsy and follow-up studies have shown risks of developing  sudden cardiac death (SCD) in some subgroups of patients who have this clinical phenomenon. The proposed  literature review uses the population  of patients with MVP with the highest probability  of developing  life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Patients with the presence of a complex  of changes, including  bicuspid  MVP, negative T waves in the inferior and lateral leads on a standard  12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), and a special anatomical  phenomenon called mitral annular  disjunction  (MAD), are at high  risk of developing  ventricular  ectopias  and VSS.  A reflection  of the high  risk of SCD  in such patients  is the increase of ventricular ectopy according to Holter monitoring. The presence of a bicuspid  MVP and the MAD  phenomenon, which is a separation  of the line of attachment  of the posterior mitral leaflet from the basal inferior wall segment  towards  the atrial wall, determines the presence of a special form of MVP,  the so-called  arrhythmogenic MVP.  Hence,  in most cases MVP has a benign  prognosis. However, patients with the aforementioned ar- rhythmic  MVP  signs  must  be given  particular  attention  and  annual  follow-up including  ECG  control,  Holter  monitoring and  echocardiographic examination of the heart to reduce the risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and SCD development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Пролапс митрального клапана (ПМК) в течение длительного времени остается предметом интенсивных дискуссий относительно прогноза и дальнейшей тактики  ведения.  В подавляющем большинстве случаев  это состояние имеет доброкачественный прогноз.  Однако  результаты недавних секционных исследований и наблюдения показывают риски развития внезапной сердечной смерти (ВСС) в некоторых подгруппах пациентов, имеющих этот клинический феномен. Представленный обзор литературы описывает популяцию пациентов с ПМК в наибольшей степени подверженных развитию жизнеугрожающих желудочковых тахиаритмий. Пациенты с наличием комплекса  изменений, включающих, двустворчатый ПМК, отрицательные зубцы Т в нижних  и боковых отведениях на стандартной электрокардиограмме (ЭКГ) в 12  отведениях и особый  анатомический феномен, называемый митрально-аннулярное разъединение (mitral annular  disjunction  – MAD), имеют высокий риск развития желудочковых эктопий и ВСС. Отражением высокого риска ВСС у таких пациентов является нарастание желудочковой эктопии по данным  холтеровского мониторирования. Наличие двухстворчатого ПМК  и феномена MAD, заключающегося в отделении  линии  при- крепления задней створки митрального клапана от базального сегмента нижней стенки левого желудочка далее в полость левого предсердия, определяет наличие особой формы ПМК, так называемого аритмогенного ПМК. Таким образом, ПМК в подавляющем большинстве случаев имеет доброкачественный прогноз. Однако пациенты, имеющие перечисленные признаки аритмогенного ПМК, требуют особенно тщательного, ежегодного наблюдения с контролем ЭКГ, холтеровского мониторирования и эхокардиографического исследования сердца для уменьшения рисков  желудочковых тахиаритмий и ВCС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пролапс митрального клапана</kwd><kwd>митрально-аннулярное разъединение</kwd><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mitral valve prolapse</kwd><kwd>mitral annular disjunction</kwd><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barlow JB, Pocock WA. The significance of late systolic murmurs and mid-late systolic clicks. Md State Med J. 1963;12:76-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barlow JB, Pocock WA. The significance of late systolic murmurs and mid-late systolic clicks. Md State Med J. 1963;12:76-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Criley JM, Lewis KB, Humphries JO, et al. Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical and cine-angiocardiographic findings. Br Heart J. 1966;28(4):488-96. DOI:10.1136/hrt.28.4.488.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Criley JM, Lewis KB, Humphries JO, et al. Prolapse of the mitral valve: clinical and cine-angiocardiographic findings. Br Heart J. 1966;28(4):488-96. DOI:10.1136/hrt.28.4.488.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feigenbaum H. Acquired valvular heart disease. In: Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger; 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feigenbaum H. Acquired valvular heart disease. In: Feigenbaum H. Echocardiography. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lea &amp; Febiger; 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy D, Savage D. Prevalence and clinical features of mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J. 1987;113(5):1281-90. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90956-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy D, Savage D. Prevalence and clinical features of mitral valve prolapse. Am Heart J. 1987;113(5):1281-90. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90956-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mantegazza V, Volpato V, Gripari P, et al. Multimodality imaging assessment of mitral annular disjunction in mitral valve prolapse. Heart. 2020;107(1):25-32. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317330.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mantegazza V, Volpato V, Gripari P, et al. Multimodality imaging assessment of mitral annular disjunction in mitral valve prolapse. Heart. 2020;107(1):25-32. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317330.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Devereux RB, et al. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 1. epidemiologic features: the Framingham study. Am Heart J. 1983;106(3):571-6. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(83)90704-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Devereux RB, et al. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 1. epidemiologic features: the Framingham study. Am Heart J. 1983;106(3):571-6. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(83)90704-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(1):1-7. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199907013410101.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(1):1-7. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199907013410101.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martini B, Basso C, Thiene G. Sudden death in mitral valve prolapse with Holter monitoring-documented ventricular fibrillation: evidence of coexisting arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 1995;49(3):274-8. DOI:10.1016/0167-5273(95)02294-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martini B, Basso C, Thiene G. Sudden death in mitral valve prolapse with Holter monitoring-documented ventricular fibrillation: evidence of coexisting arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 1995;49(3):274-8. DOI:10.1016/0167-5273(95)02294-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nalliah CJ, Mahajan R, Elliott AD, et al. Mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2019;105(2):144-51. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312932.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nalliah CJ, Mahajan R, Elliott AD, et al. Mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2019;105(2):144-51. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312932.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coutsoumbas GV, Di Pasquale G. Mitral valve prolapse with ventricular arrhythmias: does it carries a worse prognosis? Eur Heart J Suppl. 2021;23(Suppl):E77-E82. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/suab096.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coutsoumbas GV, Di Pasquale G. Mitral valve prolapse with ventricular arrhythmias: does it carries a worse prognosis? Eur Heart J Suppl. 2021;23(Suppl):E77-E82. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/suab096.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sriram CS, Syed FF, Ferguson ME, et al. Malignant bileaflet mitral valve prolapse syndrome in patients with otherwise idiopathic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(3):222-30. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.060.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sriram CS, Syed FF, Ferguson ME, et al. Malignant bileaflet mitral valve prolapse syndrome in patients with otherwise idiopathic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(3):222-30. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.060.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Henle J. Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. v. 3 pt. 1. Germany: Vieweg; 1876.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Henle J. Handbuch der systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. v. 3 pt. 1. Germany: Vieweg; 1876.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zimmerman J. The functional and surgical anatomy of the heart. Ann R Coll Surg. 1966;39(6):348-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zimmerman J. The functional and surgical anatomy of the heart. Ann R Coll Surg. 1966;39(6):348-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McAlpine WA. Heart and Coronary Arteries: An Anatomical Atlas for Clinical Diagnosis, Radiological Investigation, and Surgical Treatment. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1975.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McAlpine WA. Heart and Coronary Arteries: An Anatomical Atlas for Clinical Diagnosis, Radiological Investigation, and Surgical Treatment. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1975.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toh H, Mori S, Izawa Y, et al. Prevalence and extent of mitral annular disjunction in structurally normal hearts: comprehensive 3D analysis using cardiac computed tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imag. 2021;22(6):614-22. DOI:10.1093/ehjci/jeab022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toh H, Mori S, Izawa Y, et al. Prevalence and extent of mitral annular disjunction in structurally normal hearts: comprehensive 3D analysis using cardiac computed tomography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imag. 2021;22(6):614-22. DOI:10.1093/ehjci/jeab022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bharati S, Granston AS, Liebson PR, et al. The conduction system in mitral valve prolapse syndrome with sudden death. Am Heart J. 1981;101(5):667-70. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(81)90235-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bharati S, Granston AS, Liebson PR, et al. The conduction system in mitral valve prolapse syndrome with sudden death. Am Heart J. 1981;101(5):667-70. DOI:10.1016/0002-8703(81)90235-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchins GM, Moore GW, Skoog DK. The association of floppy mitral valve with disjunction of the mitral annulus fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(9):535-40. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198602273140902.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchins GM, Moore GW, Skoog DK. The association of floppy mitral valve with disjunction of the mitral annulus fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1986;314(9):535-40. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198602273140902.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basso C, Marra MP, Rizzo S, et al. Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death. Circulation. 2015;132(7):556-66. DOI:10.1161/circulationaha.115.016291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basso C, Marra MP, Rizzo S, et al. Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Sudden Cardiac Death. Circulation. 2015;132(7):556-66. DOI:10.1161/circulationaha.115.016291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dejgaard LA, Skjølsvik ET, Lie ØH, et al. The mitral annulus disjunction arrhythmic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(14):1600-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.070.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dejgaard LA, Skjølsvik ET, Lie ØH, et al. The mitral annulus disjunction arrhythmic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(14):1600-9. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.070.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bennett S, Thamman R, Griffiths T, et al. Mitral annular disjunction: a systematic review of the literature. Echocardiography. 2019;36(8):1549-58. DOI:10.1111/echo.14437.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bennett S, Thamman R, Griffiths T, et al. Mitral annular disjunction: a systematic review of the literature. Echocardiography. 2019;36(8):1549-58. DOI:10.1111/echo.14437.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Wijngaarden AL, de Riva M, Hiemstra YL, et al. Parameters associated with ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse with significant regurgitation. Heart. 2021;107(5):411-8. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Wijngaarden AL, de Riva M, Hiemstra YL, et al. Parameters associated with ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse with significant regurgitation. Heart. 2021;107(5):411-8. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Han HC, Ha FJ, Teh AW, et al. Mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(23):e010584. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.118.010584.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Han HC, Ha FJ, Teh AW, et al. Mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death: a systematic review. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(23):e010584. DOI:10.1161/JAHA.118.010584.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chivulescu M, Aabel E, Dejgaard L, et al. Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. Multiple Possible Etiologies. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2021;3(16):1769-73. DOI:10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.08.019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chivulescu M, Aabel E, Dejgaard L, et al. Cardiac Arrest in a Patient With Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. Multiple Possible Etiologies. J Am Coll Cardiol Case Rep. 2021;3(16):1769-73. DOI:10.1016/j.jaccas.2021.08.019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Essayagh B, Iacuzio L, Civaia F, et al. Usefulness of 3-tesla cardiac magnetic resonance to detect mitral annular disjunction in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(11):1725-30. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Essayagh B, Iacuzio L, Civaia F, et al. Usefulness of 3-tesla cardiac magnetic resonance to detect mitral annular disjunction in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol. 2019;124(11):1725-30. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.08.047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Широбоких О. Е., Былова Н. А. Пролапс митрального клапана и внезапная сердечная смерть: кто в группе риска? Архивъ Внутренней Медицины. 2016;3(29):25-9. DOI:10.20514/2226-6704-2016-6-3-25-29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shirobokikh OE, Bylova NA. Mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac death: who is in the risk group. Russ Arch Inter Med. 2016;3(29):25-9 (In Russ.) DOI:10.20514/2226-6704-2016-6-3-25-29.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bains S, Tester DJ, Asirvatham SJ, et al. A novel truncating variant in FLNC-encoded filamin C may serve as a proarrhythmic genetic substrate for arrhythmogenic bileaflet mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(5):906-13. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.11.028.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bains S, Tester DJ, Asirvatham SJ, et al. A novel truncating variant in FLNC-encoded filamin C may serve as a proarrhythmic genetic substrate for arrhythmogenic bileaflet mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(5):906-13. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.11.028.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muthukumar L, Rahman F, Jan M.F, et al. The Pickelhaube Sign: Novel Echocardiographic Risk Marker for Malignant Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(9):1078-80. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muthukumar L, Rahman F, Jan M.F, et al. The Pickelhaube Sign: Novel Echocardiographic Risk Marker for Malignant Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(9):1078-80. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.09.016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cipriani A, Bauce B. Ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse: new explanations for an old problem. Heart. 2021;107(5):353-4. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318086.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cipriani A, Bauce B. Ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse: new explanations for an old problem. Heart. 2021;107(5):353-4. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318086.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haugaa K. Improving the imaging diagnosis of mitral annular disjunction. Heart. 2021;107(1):4-5. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317667.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haugaa K. Improving the imaging diagnosis of mitral annular disjunction. Heart. 2021;107(1):4-5. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317667.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villatore A, Sala S, Stella S, et al. Autoimmune Myocarditis and Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse: An Unexpected Overlap Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8(11):151. DOI:10.3390/jcdd8110151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villatore A, Sala S, Stella S, et al. Autoimmune Myocarditis and Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse: An Unexpected Overlap Syndrome. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8(11):151. DOI:10.3390/jcdd8110151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Constant Dit Beaufils AL, Huttin O, Jobbe-Duval A, et al. Replacement myocardial fibrosis in patients with mitral valve prolapse: relation to mitral regurgitation, ventricular remodeling and arrhythmia. Circulation. 2021;143(18):1763-74. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050214.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Constant Dit Beaufils AL, Huttin O, Jobbe-Duval A, et al. Replacement myocardial fibrosis in patients with mitral valve prolapse: relation to mitral regurgitation, ventricular remodeling and arrhythmia. Circulation. 2021;143(18):1763-74. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050214.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(41):2793-867. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(41):2793-867. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедев Д. С., Михайлов Е. Н., Неминущий Н. М., и др. Желудочковые нарушения ритма. Желудочковые тахикардии и внезапная сердечная смерть. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский Кардиологический Журнал. 2021;26(7):4600. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4600.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev DS, Mikhailov EN, Neminuschiy NM, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular tachycardias and sudden cardiac death. 2020 Clinical guidelines. Russ J Cardiol. 2021;26(7):4600 (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4600.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guide-lines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(14):e91-e220. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2017 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guide-lines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(14):e91-e220. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.10.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(1):17-96. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pelliccia A, Sharma S, Gati S, et al. ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(1):17-96. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higuchi K, Bhargava M. Management of premature ventricular complexes. Heart 2022;108(7):565-72. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higuchi K, Bhargava M. Management of premature ventricular complexes. Heart 2022;108(7):565-72. DOI:10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
