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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2025-3125</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-3125</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cytokine profile of surgical patients with infective endocarditis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокиновый профиль оперированных пациентов с инфекционным эндокардитом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9643-5089</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котова</surname><given-names>Е. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotova</surname><given-names>E. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елизавета Олеговна Котова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elizaveta O. Kotova</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kotova_eo@pfur.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4103-4322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писарюк</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisaryuk</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александра Сергеевна Писарюк</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra S. Pisaryuk</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex19892103@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8077-2307</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лохонина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokhonina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анастасия Вячеславовна Лохонина</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya V. Lokhonina</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lokhonina-av@rudn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0718-5258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Моисеева</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moiseeva</surname><given-names>A. Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александра Юрьевна Моисеева </p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra Yu. Moiseeva</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">moiseyeva.alexandra.y@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-3938</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Домонова</surname><given-names>Э. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Domonova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Эльвира Алексеевна Домонова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elvira A. Domonova</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elvirakuznetsova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1827-2197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусарова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusarova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Анатольевна Гусарова</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana A. Gusarova</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tatianagusarova73@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-467X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабухина</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Babukhina</surname><given-names>J. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юлия Игоревна Бабухина</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Julia I. Babukhina</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yibabukhina@bakulev.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-5012</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кахкцян</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kakhktsyan</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Вараздатович Кахкцян</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel V. Kakhktsyan</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pvkakhktsyan@bakulev.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6498-5764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхудинов</surname><given-names>Т. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhudinov</surname><given-names>T. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тимур Хайсамудинович Фатхудинов</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Timur Kh. Fatkhudinov</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tfat@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5873-1768</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобалава</surname><given-names>Ж. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobalava</surname><given-names>Z. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жанна Давидовна Кобалава</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zhanna D. Kobalava</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zkobalava@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"; Университетская клиническая больница им. В. В. Виноградова — ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"; ФБУН "Центральный научно- исследовательский институт эпидемиологии" Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RUDN University; V. V. Vinogradov University Clinical Hospital; Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"; Университетская клиническая больница им. В. В. Виноградова — ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RUDN University; V. V. Vinogradov University Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"; ФГБУН "Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б. В. Петровского"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RUDN University; Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>RUDN University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФБУН "Центральный научно- исследовательский институт эпидемиологии" Роспотребнадзора</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Университетская клиническая больница им. В. В. Виноградова — ФГАОУ ВО "Российский университет дружбы народов им. П. Лумумбы"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V. V. Vinogradov University Clinical Hospital</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-7"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ "Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр сердечно- сосудистой хирургии им. А. Н. Бакулева" Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A. N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center for Cardiovascular Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-8"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУН "Российский научный центр хирургии им. акад. Б. В. Петровского"</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>13</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Kotova E.O., Pisaryuk A.S., Lokhonina A.V., Moiseeva A.Y., Domonova E.A., Gusarova T.A., Babukhina J.I., Kakhktsyan P.V., Fatkhudinov T.K., Kobalava Z.D., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Котова Е.О., Писарюк А.С., Лохонина А.В., Моисеева А.Ю., Домонова Э.А., Гусарова Т.А., Бабухина Ю.И., Кахкцян П.В., Фатхудинов Т.Х., Кобалава Ж.Д.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kotova E.O., Pisaryuk A.S., Lokhonina A.V., Moiseeva A.Y., Domonova E.A., Gusarova T.A., Babukhina J.I., Kakhktsyan P.V., Fatkhudinov T.K., Kobalava Z.D.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/3125">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/3125</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>   Aim</title><p>   Aim. To study the cytokine profile of macrophages in valve tissues in operated patients with infective endocarditis (IE), its correlation with inflammatory markers for optimization of the assessment of IE activity.</p></sec><sec><title>   Material and methods</title><p>   Material and methods. There were prospectively included 25 adult patients with active IE (2015Duke criteria) and 24 patients with non-IE valvular heart disease admitted for cardiac surgery (2021-2022). Laboratory and instrumental examination was conducted, including pathogen verification, as well by means of Real-Time PCR in blood/tissues of resected valves, echocardiography, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio evaluation. Valvular tissues were analyzed for macrophage phenotypic characteristics using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression via real-time PCR.</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. IE patients had a high proportion of secondary IE due to degenerative heart defects (n = 10, 40.0 %) and left-sided localization of IE (n = 16, 64.0 %). IHC revealed a predominance of intact pro-inflammatory CD 86+ macrophages phenotype in patients without IE compared with patients with IE [0.054 (0.029-0.073) vs. 0.008 (0.0071-0.0096), p &lt; 0.05]. There was no significant difference in the anti-inflammatory CD 206+ macrophages phenotype. In the group of operated patients with IE, Real-Time PCR revealed significant expression of IL-1β genes (Ме [IQR] 0.0037 [0.0005-0.0155] vs. 0.0002 [0.0001-0.0026], p &lt; 0.05) and IL-6 (Ме [IQR] 0.0034 [0.0007-0.0167] vs. 0.0005 [0.0004-0.0038], p &lt; 0.05) compared with patients without IE. There were no significant differences in anti-inflammatory cytokines. The level of cytokine gene expression by tissue macrophages, depending on the presence of embolic events, etiological affiliation to S. aureus, as well as hospital mortality and the combined endpoint (death from all causes or recurrence of IE in 6 months after surgery) did not differ between IE patients with or without events. IL-1β had the most favorable characteristics for assessing the activity of IE (IL-1β AUC 0.816 (p = 0.02)).</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusion</title><p>   Conclusion. Increased macrophages destruction with excessive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the valve tissue determines the uncontrolled course of IE and the need for cardiac surgery. IL-1β has a high diagnostic value for determining the inflammation activity in operated patients with IE.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><sec><title>   Цель</title><p>   Цель. Изучить цитокиновый профиль макрофагов в тканях клапанов у оперированных пациентов с инфекционным эндокардитом (ИЭ), его связи с маркерами воспаления для оптимизации оценки активности ИЭ.</p></sec><sec><title>   Материал и методы</title><p>   Материал и методы. В проспективное исследование включены 25 взрослых пациентов с активным ИЭ (критерии Duke 2015 г.) и 24 пациента с пороками сердца без ИЭ, госпитализированных для кардиохирургического лечения (2021-2022 гг.). Выполнено лабораторно- инструментальное обследование, включая верификацию возбудителя, в том числе методом полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) Real Time в крови/тканях резецированных клапанов, эхокардиографическое исследование и оценку нейтрофильно- лимфоцитарного индекса. В тканях клапанов проводилось исследование фенотипических признаков макрофагов методом иммуногистохимии и оценка экспрессии генов про- и противовоспалительных цитокинов методом ПЦР Real Time.</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. У пациентов с ИЭ имелась высокая доля вторичных форм ИЭ за счёт дегенеративных пороков сердца (n = 10, 40,0 %) и левосторонней локализации ИЭ (n = 16, 64,0 %). Методом иммуногистохимии выявлено преобладание неповрежденных макрофагов провоспалительного фенотипа CD 86+ у пациентов без ИЭ по сравнению с пациентами с ИЭ (0,054 (0,029-0,073) vs 0,008 (0,0071-0,0096), p &lt; 0,05). В отношении противовоспалительного фенотипа макрофагов CD 206+ статистически значимой разницы не получено. В группе оперированных пациентов с ИЭ методом ПЦР Real Time выявлена значимая экспрессия генов ИЛ-1β (Ме (интерквартильный размах (IQR)) 0,0037 (0,0005-0,0155) vs 0,0002 (0,0001-0,0026), p &lt; 0,05) и ИЛ-6 (Ме (IQR) 0,0034 (0,0007-0,0167) vs 0,0005 (0,0004-0,0038), p &lt; 0,05) по сравнению с пациентами без ИЭ. В отношении противовоспалительных цитокинов статистически значимых различий не получено. Уровень экспрессии генов цитокинов тканевыми макрофагами в зависимости от наличия эмболических событий, этиологической принадлежности к S. aureus, а также госпитальной летальности и комбинированной конечной точки (смерть от всех причин или рецидив ИЭ через 6 мес. после операции) не различался между пациентами с ИЭ с эмболическими событиями или без них. Уровень ИЛ-1β имел наиболее благоприятные характеристики для оценки активности ИЭ (площадь под ROC-кривой 0,816 (p = 0,02)).</p></sec><sec><title>   Заключение</title><p>   Заключение. Повышенная деструкция макрофагов с избыточным выходом провоспалительных цитокинов в ткани клапанов определяет неконтролируемое течение ИЭ и потребность в кардиохирургическом лечении. ИЛ-1β обладает высокой диагностической ценностью определения активности воспаления у оперированных пациентов с ИЭ.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инфекционный эндокардит</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>интерлейкины</kwd><kwd>макрофаги</kwd><kwd>диагноз</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>клапаны</kwd><kwd>оперированные пациенты</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные цитокины</kwd><kwd>противовоспалительные цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>infective endocarditis</kwd><kwd>cytokine</kwd><kwd>interleukin</kwd><kwd>macrophages</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd><kwd>valves</kwd><kwd>operated patients</kwd><kwd>pro-inflammatory cytokines</kwd><kwd>anti-inflammatory cytokines</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 22-75-10012) с использованием биоматериала человека, собранного и сохраняемого в рамках научной программы. Оборудование для сбора, хранения и транспортировки биоматериала человека, оборудование для обследования пациентов приобретено за счёт средств Программы стратегического академического лидерства РУДН</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 22-75-10012) using human biomaterial collected and preserved as part of a scientific program. Equipment for the collection, storage and transportation of human biomaterials, and equipment for examining patients were purchased with funds from the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Демин А. А., Кобалава Ж. Д., Скопин И. И. и др. Инфекционный эндокардит и инфекция внутрисердечных устройств. Клинические рекомендации 2021. 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