<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2025-3184</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">FGCVZU</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-3184</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Biomarker profile and short-term prognosis of “cardio-reno-metabolic phenotype” in chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Профиль биомаркеров и краткосрочный прогноз кардиоренометаболического фенотипа хронической сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-5524</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пономарева</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ponomareva</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пономарева Ольга Владимировна </p><p>Рязань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga V. Ponomareva </p><p>Ryazan </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olgaponomaryeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-6237</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Смирнова Елена Амишевна </p><p>Рязань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena A. Smirnova </p><p>Ryazan </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Smirnova-EA@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-7687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифоров</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никифоров Александр Алексеевич </p><p>Рязань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Nikiforov </p><p>Ryazan </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alnik003@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-0729</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никифорова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikiforova</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Никифорова Лариса Владимировна </p><p>Рязань</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa V. Nikiforova </p><p>Ryazan </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">laris-nikiforova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Рязанский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России ; ГБУ РО «Городская клиническая больница №11»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryazan State Medical University ; City Clinical Hospital №11</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Рязанский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И. П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ryazan State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>362</fpage><lpage>371</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ponomareva O.V., Smirnova E.A., Nikiforov A.A., Nikiforova L.V., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пономарева О.В., Смирнова Е.А., Никифоров А.А., Никифорова Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ponomareva O.V., Smirnova E.A., Nikiforov A.A., Nikiforova L.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/3184">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/3184</self-uri><abstract><p>Aim. To study the biomarker profile, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with the “cardio-reno-metabolic phenotype” of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), as well as their impact on the six-month prognosis.Material and methods. A prospective study of 80 patients with “cardio-reno-metabolic phenotype” of HFpEF was conducted. Anamnesis, clinical and demographic data, concomitant pathology were analyzed, enzyme immunoassay of blood serum was performed to determine the concentrations of the N-terminal fragment of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), galectin-3, soluble form of tumor suppressor 2 (sST2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), carboxymethyllysine (CML), a six-minute walk test and echocardiographic examination with assessment of left ventricular diastolic function were performed.Results. On average, the NT-proBNP level was 125.8 [109.4; 146.9] pg/ml, galectin-3 — 1.2 [0.9; 1.4] ng/ml, sST2 — 1.5 [0.4; 3.8] ng/ml, HIF-1α — 0.13±0.049 ng/ml, CML — 346.69±50.63 pg/ml. Within six months, 36.3% of patients were rehospitalized for any reason, 18.8% of them for cardiovascular diseases. A history of hospitalisation for a cardiovascular cause (decompensated CHF, uncontrolled hypertension, angina, rhythm disturbance) was an important risk factor for rehospitalisation during the six-month observation period. Using ROC analysis and binary logistic regression, clinical, laboratory, and instrumental predictors of early rehospitalisation for cardiovascular causes were identified: a history of such hospitalisation within the previous 6 months, left ventricular enddiastolic dimension greater than 5.05 cm, systolic pulmonary artery pressure greater than 24.5 mm Hg, H2FPEF score greater than 6.5 points, glomerular filtration rate less than 36.97 ml/min/1.73m², Charlson Comorbidity Index greater than 5.5 points, and galectin-3 level less than 1.5 ng/ml . Based on the data obtained, a model for predicting re-hospitalisation during 6 months of observation was developed, the sensitivity of which was 66.7%, specificity — 89.1%.Conclusion. Predictors of early rehospitalisation for cardiovascular reasons for patients with the “cardio-reno-metabolic phenotype” of HFpEF include the history of hospitalisation for cardiovascular reasons in the previous 6 months, an increase in the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure, decreasedglomerular filtration rate, Charlson comorbidity index, galectin-3 level, and the mean H2FPEF score.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель. Изучить биомаркерный профиль, клинические и эхокардиографические характеристики пациентов кардиоренометаболического фенотипа хронической сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса (ХСНсФВ), их влияние на полугодовой прогноз.Материал и методы. Проведено проспективное исследование 80 пациентов кардиоренометаболического профиля ХСНсФВ. Проанализированы анамнез, клинико-демографические данные, сопутствующая патология, выполнен иммуноферментный анализ сыворотки крови для определения концентраций N-концевого промозгового натрийуретического пептида (NT-proBNP), галектина-3, растворимой формы супрессора туморогенности 2 (sST2), фактора, индуцируемого гипоксией 1-альфа (HIF-1α), карбоксиметиллизина (CML), проведены тест с шестиминутной ходьбой и эхокардиографическое исследование с оценкой диастолической функции левого желудочка.Результаты. Средний уровень NT-proBNP составил 125,8 [109,4; 146,9] пг/мл, галектина-3 — 1,2 [0,9; 1,4] нг/мл, sST2 — 1,5 [0,4; 3,8] нг/мл, HIF-1α — 0,13±0,049 нг/мл, CML — 346,69±50,63 пг/мл. В течение шести месяцев повторно по любой причине госпитализированы 36,3% пациентов, 18,8% из них — по поводу сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Методами ROC-анализа и бинарной логистической регрессии выявлены клинические, лабораторные и инструментальные предикторы ранней регоспитализации по сердечно-сосудистой причине: факт такой госпитализации в предшествующие 6 мес., увеличение конечного диастолического размера левого желудочка &gt;5,05 см, систолического давления в легочной артерии &gt;24,5 мм рт.ст., &gt;6,5 баллов по шкале H2FPEF, снижение уровня скорости клубочковой фильтрации &lt;36,97 мл/мин/1,73 м2, индекс коморбидности Чарлсон &gt;5,5 баллов, уровень галектина-3 &lt;1,5 нг/мл. На основании полученных данных разработана модель прогнозирования повторной госпитализации в течение 6 мес. наблюдения, чувствительность которой составила 66,7%, специфичность — 89,1%.Заключение. Предикторами ранней повторной госпитализации пациентов кардиоренометаболического фенотипа ХСНсФВ являются факт госпитализации по сердечно-сосудистой причине в предшествующие 6 мес., увеличение конечного диастолического размера левого желудочка, систолического давления в легочной артерии, снижение скорости клубочковой фильтрации, индекс коморбидности Чарлсон, уровень галектина-3 и средний балл по шкале H2FPEF.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>сохраненная фракция выброса</kwd><kwd>диастолическая дисфункция</kwd><kwd>коморбидность</kwd><kwd>кардиоренометаболический фенотип</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>галектин-3</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heart failure</kwd><kwd>preserved ejection fraction</kwd><kwd>“cardio-reno-metabolic phenotype”</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>galectin-3</kwd><kwd>prognosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шляхто Е.В., Беленков Ю.Н., Бойцов С.А. и др. Результаты промежуточного анализа проспективного наблюдательного многоцентрового регистрового исследования пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью в Российской Федерации «ПРИОРИТЕТ-ХСН»: исходные характеристики и лечение первых включенных пациентов. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2023;28(10):5593. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5593.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shlyakhto EV, Belenkov YuN, Boytsov SA, et al. Interim analysis of a prospective observational multicenter registry study of patients with chronic heart failure in the Russian Federation “PRIORITET-CHF”: initial characteristics and treatment of the first included patients. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2023;28(10):5593. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2023-5593.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ndumele CE, Rangaswami J, Chow SL, et al.; American Heart Association. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(20):1606-35. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ndumele CE, Rangaswami J, Chow SL, et al.; American Heart Association. Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2023;148(20):1606-35. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000001184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cohen JB, Schrauben SJ, Zhao L, et al. Clinical Phenogroups in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Detailed Phenotypes, Prognosis, and Response to Spironolactone. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(3):172-84. DOI:10.1016/j.jchf.2019.09.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cohen JB, Schrauben SJ, Zhao L, et al. Clinical Phenogroups in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Detailed Phenotypes, Prognosis, and Response to Spironolactone. JACC Heart Fail. 2020;8(3):172-84. DOI:10.1016/j.jchf.2019.09.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gu J, Pan JA, Lin H, et al. Characteristics, prognosis and treatment response in distinct phenogroups of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Int J Cardiol. 2021;323:148-54. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.065.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu J, Pan JA, Lin H, et al. Characteristics, prognosis and treatment response in distinct phenogroups of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Int J Cardiol. 2021;323:148-54. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.08.065.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen H, Chhor M, Rayner BS, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of current biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;114(12):793-804. DOI:10.1016/j.acvd.2021.10.007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen H, Chhor M, Rayner BS, et al. Evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of current biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;114(12):793-804. DOI:10.1016/j.acvd.2021.10.007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCullough PA, Olobatoke A, Vanhecke TE. Galectin-3: a novel blood test for the evaluation and management of patients with heart failure. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2011;12(4):200-10. DOI:10.3909/ricm0624.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCullough PA, Olobatoke A, Vanhecke TE. Galectin-3: a novel blood test for the evaluation and management of patients with heart failure. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2011;12(4):200-10. DOI:10.3909/ricm0624.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aimo A, Januzzi JL Jr, Bayes-Genis A, et al. Clinical and Prognostic Significance of sST2 in Heart Failure: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(17):2193-203. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1039.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aimo A, Januzzi JL Jr, Bayes-Genis A, et al. Clinical and Prognostic Significance of sST2 in Heart Failure: JACC Review Topic of the Week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(17):2193-203. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1039.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пономарева О.В., Смирнова Е.А. Современный взгляд на роль фиброза миокарда и его биохимических маркеров в диагностике хронической сердечной недостаточности. Наука молодых (Eruditio Juvenium). 2024;12(2):303-16. DOI:10.23888/HMJ2024122303-316.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponomareva OV, Smirnova EA. Modern View on the Role of Myocardial Fibrosis and Its Biochemical Markers in Diagnosis of Chronic Heart Failure. Science of the young (Eruditio Juvenium). 2024;12(2):303-16. (In Russ.) DOI:10.23888/HMJ2024122303-316.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калинин Р. Е., Сучков И. А., Райцев С. Н. и др. Роль фактора, индуцируемого гипоксией, 1α при адаптации к гипоксии в патогенезе новой коронавирусной болезни 2019. Российский медико-биологический вестник им. академика И.П. Павлова. 2024;32(1):133-44. DOI:10.17816/PAVLOVJ165536.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinin RE, Suchkov IA, Raitsev SN, et al. Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α in Adaptation to Hypoxia in the Pathogenesis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019. I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald. 2024;32(1):133-44. (In Russ.) DOI:10.17816/PAVLOVJ165536.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khan MI, Ashfaq F, Alsayegh AA, et al. Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications: Dietary approach. World J Diabetes. 2023;14(7):995-1012. DOI:10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khan MI, Ashfaq F, Alsayegh AA, et al. Advanced glycation end product signaling and metabolic complications: Dietary approach. World J Diabetes. 2023;14(7):995-1012. DOI:10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Клинические рекомендации 2020. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2020;25(11):4083. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4083.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Chronic heart failure. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2020;25(11):4083. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2020-4083.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ларина В.Н., Лунев В.И., Алёхин М.Н. Индекс глобальной функции левого желудочка: прогностическое значение у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью в возрасте 60 лет и старше. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020;19(5):2404. DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2404.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Larina VN, Lunev VI, Alekhin MN. Left ventricular global function index: prognostic value in patients with heart failure aged 60 years and older. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020;19(5):2404. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2404.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Capone F, Sotomayor-Flores C, Bode D, et al. Cardiac metabolism in HFpEF: from fuel to signalling. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118(18):3556-75. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvac166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Capone F, Sotomayor-Flores C, Bode D, et al. Cardiac metabolism in HFpEF: from fuel to signalling. Cardiovasc Res. 2023;118(18):3556-75. DOI:10.1093/cvr/cvac166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галявич А.С., Терещенко С.Н., Ускач Т.М. и др. Хроническая сердечная недостаточность. Клинические рекомендации 2024. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2024;29(11):6162. DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galyavich AS, Tereshchenko SN, Uskach TM, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Chronic heart failure. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(11):6162. (In Russ.) DOI:10.15829/1560-4071-2024-6162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondo T, Campbell R, Jhund PS, et al. Low Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2024;12(8):1442-55. DOI:10.1016/j.jchf.2024.04.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondo T, Campbell R, Jhund PS, et al. Low Natriuretic Peptide Levels and Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC Heart Fail. 2024;12(8):1442-55. DOI:10.1016/j.jchf.2024.04.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clemente G, Soldano JS, Tuttolomondo A. Heart Failure: Is There an Ideal Biomarker? Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023;24(11):310. DOI:10.31083/j.rcm2411310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clemente G, Soldano JS, Tuttolomondo A. Heart Failure: Is There an Ideal Biomarker? Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023;24(11):310. DOI:10.31083/j.rcm2411310.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trippel TD, Mende M, Düngen HD, et al. The diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin-3 in patients at risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the DIAST-CHF study. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(2):829-41. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trippel TD, Mende M, Düngen HD, et al. The diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin-3 in patients at risk for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from the DIAST-CHF study. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(2):829-41. DOI:10.1002/ehf2.13174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baccouche BM, Rhodenhiser E. Galectin-3 and HFpEF: Clarifying an Emerging Relationship. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2023;19(5):19-26. DOI:10.2174/1573403X19666230320165821.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baccouche BM, Rhodenhiser E. Galectin-3 and HFpEF: Clarifying an Emerging Relationship. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2023;19(5):19-26. DOI:10.2174/1573403X19666230320165821.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Снеткова А.А., Тимофеева Н.Ю., Задионченко В.С. Диагностическая ценность уровня галектина-3 у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и сахарным диабетом 2 типа. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2015;11(2):139-43. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2015-11-2-139-143.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snetkova AA, Timofeeva NYu, Zadionchenko VS. Diagnostic value of galectin-3 level in patients with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2015;11(2):139-43. (In Russ.) DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2015-11-2-139-143.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Подзолков В.И., Драгомирецкая Н.А., Толмачева А.В. и др. Прогностическая значимость биомаркеров NT-proBNP и sST2 у пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью с сохраненной и умеренно сниженной фракцией выброса левого желудочка. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2023;19(4):310-9. DOI:10.20996/10.20996/1819-6446-2023-2919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Podzolkov VI, Dragomiretskaya NA, Tolmacheva AV, et al. Prognostic significance of NT-proBNP and sST2 in patients with heart failure with preserved and mildly reduced ejection fraction. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2023;19(4):310-9. (In Russ.) DOI:10.20996/10.20996/1819-6446-2023-2919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi Y, Liu J, Liu C, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:937291. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2022.937291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi Y, Liu J, Liu C, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum soluble suppression of tumorigenicity-2 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:937291. DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2022.937291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hartog JW, Voors AA, Bakker SJ, et al. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and heart failure: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(12):1146-55. DOI:10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.09.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hartog JW, Voors AA, Bakker SJ, et al. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and heart failure: pathophysiology and clinical implications. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(12):1146-55. DOI:10.1016/j.ejheart.2007.09.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Borlaug BA. Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Understanding Mechanisms by Using Noninvasive Methods. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(1 Pt 2):245-57. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.12.034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Obokata M, Reddy YNV, Borlaug BA. Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Understanding Mechanisms by Using Noninvasive Methods. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(1 Pt 2):245-57. DOI:10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.12.034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bonacchi G, Rossi VA, Garofalo M, et al. Pathophysiological Link and Treatment Implication of Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines. 2024;12(5):981. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines12050981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bonacchi G, Rossi VA, Garofalo M, et al. Pathophysiological Link and Treatment Implication of Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines. 2024;12(5):981. DOI:10.3390/biomedicines12050981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu J, He Z, Cheng L, et al. A Predictive Model of Early Readmission for Patients with Heart Failure. J Vasc Dis. 2022;1(2):88-96. DOI:10.3390/jvd1020010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu J, He Z, Cheng L, et al. A Predictive Model of Early Readmission for Patients with Heart Failure. J Vasc Dis. 2022;1(2):88-96. DOI:10.3390/jvd1020010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
