<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rpcardio</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1819-6446</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2225-3653</issn><publisher><publisher-name>«SILICEA-POLIGRAF» LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20996/1819-6446-2012-8-1-95-102</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rpcardio-422</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT QUESTIONS OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ  ВОПРОСЫ  КЛИНИЧЕСКОЙ ФАРМАКОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ОМЕГА-3 ПОЛИНЕНАСЫЩЕННЫЕ ЖИРНЫЕ КИСЛОТЫ В ЛЕЧЕНИИ БОЛЬНЫХ С СЕРДЕЧНО-СОСУДИСТЫМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Говорин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Govorin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАЕН, ректор ЧГМА</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филёв</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Filev</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор кафедры факультетской терапии ЧГМА</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andfilev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Читинская медицинская академия</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chita Medical Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>102</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Govorin A.V., Filev A.P., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Говорин А.В., Филёв А.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Govorin A.V., Filev A.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/422">https://www.rpcardio.online/jour/article/view/422</self-uri><abstract><p>For today there are convincing evidences of beneficial effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) - eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids – in a number of cardiovascular diseases. Efficacy of ω-3 PUFA was confirmed by results of the large-scale clinical trials. Data on ω-3 PUFA efficacy in heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia were received, besides their well-known hypolipidemic effect. Low level of ω-3 PUFA biomarker , ω-3 index (content of EPA and DHA in erythrocytes), is considered as a risk factor of coronary heart disease as well as a risk factor of fatal arrhythmias. Use of standardized medicinal product with high content of EPA and DHA leads to the positive therapeutic effect in patients with different cardiovascular diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>К настоящему времени получены убедительные доказательства благоприятного влияния ω-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ПНЖК) - эйкозапентаеновой (ЭПК) и докозагексаеновой (ДГК) - на течение целого ряда сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Эффективность ω-3 ПНЖК подтверждена результатами крупномасштабных клинических исследований. К хорошо известным гиполипидемическим эффектам ω-3 ПНЖК получены результаты их эффективности у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью, нарушениями сердечного ритма. Низкий уровень биомаркера ω-3 ПНЖК, ω-3 индекс (содержание ЭПК + ДГК в эритроцитах) в настоящее время рассматривается в качестве фактора риска не только ишемической болезни сердца, но и фатальных аритмий. Применение стандартизованного препарата с высоким содержанием ЭПК и ДГК приводит к положительному терапевтическому эффекту у пациентов с различными сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ω-3 полиненасыщенные жирные кислоты</kwd><kwd>сердечная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>нарушения ритма</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids</kwd><kwd>heart failure</kwd><kwd>arrhythmia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dyerberg J. Coronary heart disease in Greenland Inuit: A paradox. Implication for Western diet patterns. Artic Med Res 1989; 48: 47–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyerberg J. Coronary heart disease in Greenland Inuit: A paradox. Implication for Western diet patterns. Artic Med Res 1989; 48: 47–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirai A., Terano T., SaitoH. Clinical and epidemiological studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in Japan. Lands WEM, ed. Proceedings of the AOCS short course on polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society, 1987; p. 9–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirai A., Terano T., SaitoH. Clinical and epidemiological studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in Japan. Lands WEM, ed. Proceedings of the AOCS short course on polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids. Champaign, IL: American Oil Chemists Society, 1987; p. 9–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kromhout D., Bosschieter E.B., Coulander C. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20- year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1205–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kromhout D., Bosschieter E.B., Coulander C. The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20- year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1205–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Schacky C.The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5:139-45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Schacky C.The role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5:139-45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">HarrisW.S. Extending the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3fatty acids.CurrAtheroscler Rep2005;7:375- 80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">HarrisW.S. Extending the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3fatty acids.CurrAtheroscler Rep2005;7:375- 80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bittiner S.B., Tucker W.F., Cartwright I. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet 1988; 1: 378–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bittiner S.B., Tucker W.F., Cartwright I. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil in psoriasis. Lancet 1988; 1: 378–80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siscovick D.S., Raghunathan Т.Е., King I., Weinmann S., Wicklund K.G., Albright J. et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 275:836-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siscovick D.S., Raghunathan Т.Е., King I., Weinmann S., Wicklund K.G., Albright J. et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 275:836-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albert C.M., CamposH., Stampfer M.J., Ridker P.M., Manson J.E., Willett W.C. et al. Blood levels of longchain ω-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:11 3-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albert C.M., CamposH., Stampfer M.J., Ridker P.M., Manson J.E., Willett W.C. et al. Blood levels of longchain ω-3 fatty acids and the risk of sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:11 3-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erkkila A.T., Lehto S., Pyorala K., Uusitupa M.I.J. ω-3 fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:65-71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erkkila A.T., Lehto S., Pyorala K., Uusitupa M.I.J. ω-3 fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 78:65-71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Schacky C. Prophylaxis of atherosclerosis with marine omega-3 fatty acids — a comprehensive strategy. Ann Int Med 1987; 107:890-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Schacky C. Prophylaxis of atherosclerosis with marine omega-3 fatty acids — a comprehensive strategy. Ann Int Med 1987; 107:890-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stillwell W., Wassail S.R. Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane properties of a unique fatty acid. Chem PhysLipids 2003; 126:1-27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stillwell W., Wassail S.R. Docosahexaenoic acid: membrane properties of a unique fatty acid. Chem PhysLipids 2003; 126:1-27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MaD.W., Seo J., Switzer К.С., Fan Y.Y., McMurrayD.N., Lupton J.R., Chapkin R.S. ω-3 PUFAand membrane microdomains: a new frontier in bioactive lipid research. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:700-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MaD.W., Seo J., Switzer К.С., Fan Y.Y., McMurrayD.N., Lupton J.R., Chapkin R.S. ω-3 PUFAand membrane microdomains: a new frontier in bioactive lipid research. J Nutr Biochem 2004; 15:700-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Q., Wang M., Tan L., Wang C., Ma J., Li N., Li Y., Xu G., Li J. Docosahexaenoic acid changes lipid composition and interleukin-2 receptor signaling in membrane rafts. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1904-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Q., Wang M., Tan L., Wang C., Ma J., Li N., Li Y., Xu G., Li J. Docosahexaenoic acid changes lipid composition and interleukin-2 receptor signaling in membrane rafts. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1904-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calder P.C. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83:1505S-19S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calder P.C. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006; 83:1505S-19S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davidson M.H. Mechanismsforthe hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids.Am J Cardiol., 2006;98:27i-33i.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidson M.H. Mechanismsforthe hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids.Am J Cardiol., 2006;98:27i-33i.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deckelbaum R.J., Worgall T.S., Seo T. ω-3 fatty acids and gene expression. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1520S-5S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deckelbaum R.J., Worgall T.S., Seo T. ω-3 fatty acids and gene expression. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1520S-5S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris W.S. ω-3 Fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65(suppl): 1645S-54S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris W.S. ω-3 Fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65(suppl): 1645S-54S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris W.S., Bulchandani D. Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:387-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris W.S., Bulchandani D. Why do omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides? Curr Opin Lipidol 2006; 17:387-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Schacky C. A review of omega-3 ethyl esters for cardiovascular prevention and treatment of increased blood triglyceride levels. Vase Health and Risk Management, 3, in press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Schacky C. A review of omega-3 ethyl esters for cardiovascular prevention and treatment of increased blood triglyceride levels. Vase Health and Risk Management, 3, in press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E in 11, 324 patients with myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI Prevenzionetrial. Lancet 1999; 354:447-55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E in 11, 324 patients with myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI Prevenzionetrial. Lancet 1999; 354:447-55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GISSI-HF investigators. Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet, 2008, 372, 1223- 1130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GISSI-HF investigators. Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. Lancet, 2008, 372, 1223- 1130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thies F., Garry J.M., Yaqoob P., Rerkasem K., Williams J., Shearman C.P. et al.Association of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:477-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thies F., Garry J.M., Yaqoob P., Rerkasem K., Williams J., Shearman C.P. et al.Association of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with stability of atherosclerotic plaques: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361:477-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von Schacky C., Angerer P., Kothny W., Theisen K., Mudra H. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:554-62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von Schacky C., Angerer P., Kothny W., Theisen K., Mudra H. The effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on coronary atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 130:554-62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He K., Rimm E.B., Merchant A., Rosner B.A., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C. et al. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288:3130-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He K., Rimm E.B., Merchant A., Rosner B.A., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C. et al. Fish consumption and risk of stroke in men. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 288:3130-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan D.R., Dixon L.J., Hanratty C.G., El-Sherbeeny N., Hamilton P.B., McGrath L.T. et al. Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:547-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan D.R., Dixon L.J., Hanratty C.G., El-Sherbeeny N., Hamilton P.B., McGrath L.T. et al. Effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97:547-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geleijnse J.M., Giltay E.J., Grobbee D.E., Donders A.R., Kok F.J. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2002; 20:1493-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geleijnse J.M., Giltay E.J., Grobbee D.E., Donders A.R., Kok F.J. Blood pressure response to fish oil supplementation: metaregression analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2002; 20:1493-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goodfellow J., Bellamy M.F., Ramsey M.W., Jones C.J.H., Lewis M.J. Dietary Supplementation With Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Systemic Large Artery Endothelial Function in Subjects With Hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:265-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goodfellow J., Bellamy M.F., Ramsey M.W., Jones C.J.H., Lewis M.J. Dietary Supplementation With Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids Improve Systemic Large Artery Endothelial Function in Subjects With Hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:265-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Psota T.L., Gebauer S.K., Kris-Etherton P. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:3i-18i.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Psota T.L., Gebauer S.K., Kris-Etherton P. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:3i-18i.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacobson Т.А. Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:61i-70i.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacobson Т.А. Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease with omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:61i-70i.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang C., Harris W.S., Chung M. et al. ω-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alphalinoleic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clinic Nutr 2006; 84:5-17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang C., Harris W.S., Chung M. et al. ω-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alphalinoleic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review. Am J Clinic Nutr 2006; 84:5-17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchioli R., Barzi F., Bomba E. et al. Early protection against sudden death by ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano perlo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'InfartoMiocardico (GISSI)Prevenzione.Circulation2002;105:1897- 903.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchioli R., Barzi F., Bomba E. et al. Early protection against sudden death by ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano perlo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'InfartoMiocardico (GISSI)Prevenzione.Circulation2002;105:1897- 903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchioli R. Treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSIPrevenzione trial. Eur Heart J 2001; 3: D85-96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchioli R. Treatment with polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSIPrevenzione trial. Eur Heart J 2001; 3: D85-96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macchia A., Levantesi G., Franzosi M.G. et al. For the GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EurJ Heart Fail 2005; 7: 904-09.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macchia A., Levantesi G., Franzosi M.G. et al. For the GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EurJ Heart Fail 2005; 7: 904-09.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchioli R., Levantesi G., Macchia et al. Forthe GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators.Antiarrhythmic mechanisms of ω-3 fatty acids and the results ofthe GISSI-Prevenzione trial.JMembrane Biol 2005; 206:117- 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchioli R., Levantesi G., Macchia et al. Forthe GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators.Antiarrhythmic mechanisms of ω-3 fatty acids and the results ofthe GISSI-Prevenzione trial.JMembrane Biol 2005; 206:117- 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Studer M., Briel M., Leimenstoll B., Glass T.R., Bucher H.C. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:725-30.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Studer M., Briel M., Leimenstoll B., Glass T.R., Bucher H.C. Effect of different antilipidemic agents and diets on mortality: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:725-30.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.L., Renaud S., Monjaud I., Mamelle N., Delaye J. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999; 99:779-85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Lorgeril M., Salen P., Martin J.L., Renaud S., Monjaud I., Mamelle N., Delaye J. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: Final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 1999; 99:779-85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh R.B., Dubnov G., Niaz M.A., Ghosh S., Singh R., Rastogi S.S., Manor O., Pella D., Berry E.M. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (IndoMediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial. Lancet 2002; 360:1455-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh R.B., Dubnov G., Niaz M.A., Ghosh S., Singh R., Rastogi S.S., Manor O., Pella D., Berry E.M. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (IndoMediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomised single-blind trial. Lancet 2002; 360:1455-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith S.C., Allen J., Blair S.N., Bonow R.O., Brass L.M., Fonarow G.C. et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation 2006; 11 3:2363-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith S.C., Allen J., Blair S.N., Bonow R.O., Brass L.M., Fonarow G.C. et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation 2006; 11 3:2363-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Backer G., Ambrosioni E., Borch-Johnsen K., Brotons C., Cifkova R., Dallongeville J. et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on CardiovascularDisease Prevention in Clinical Practice. EurHeartJ 2003; 24:1601- 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Backer G., Ambrosioni E., Borch-Johnsen K., Brotons C., Cifkova R., Dallongeville J. et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on CardiovascularDisease Prevention in Clinical Practice. EurHeartJ 2003; 24:1601- 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Priori S.G., Aliot E., Blomstrom-Lundqvist C., Bossaert L., Breithardt G., Brugada P. et al. European Society of Cardiology update of the guidelines on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:13-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Priori S.G., Aliot E., Blomstrom-Lundqvist C., Bossaert L., Breithardt G., Brugada P. et al. European Society of Cardiology update of the guidelines on sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2003; 24:13-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Werf F., Ardissino D., Betriu A., Cokkinos D.V., Falk E., Fox K.A. et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management ofAcute Myocardial Infarction ofthe European Society of Cardiology. EurHeartJ 2003; 24:28- 66. Ernahrung Gohlke H. Z Kardiol 2005;94(Suppl 3): III/22-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Werf F., Ardissino D., Betriu A., Cokkinos D.V., Falk E., Fox K.A. et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management ofAcute Myocardial Infarction ofthe European Society of Cardiology. EurHeartJ 2003; 24:28- 66. Ernahrung Gohlke H. Z Kardiol 2005;94(Suppl 3): III/22-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kjekshus J., Apetrei E., Barrios V. et al, for the CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2248-61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kjekshus J., Apetrei E., Barrios V. et al, for the CORONA Group. Rosuvastatin in older patients with systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2248-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He K., Song Y., Daviglus M.L., Liu et al. Fish consumption and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Stroke 2004; 35:1538-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He K., Song Y., Daviglus M.L., Liu et al. Fish consumption and incidence of stroke: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Stroke 2004; 35:1538-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">He K., Song Y., Daviglus M.L., Liu K., Van Horn L., Dyer A.R., Greenland P. Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation 2004; 109: 2705-11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He K., Song Y., Daviglus M.L., Liu K., Van Horn L., Dyer A.R., Greenland P. Accumulated evidence on fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circulation 2004; 109: 2705-11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Rimm E.B. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006; 296:1885-99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Rimm E.B. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006; 296:1885-99.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">London B., Albert C., Anderson M.E. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac arrhythmias: prior studies and recommendations for future research: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office OfDietary Supplements Omega-3FattyAcids and their Role inCardiacArrhythmogenesis Workshop. Circulation 2007; 116: e320-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">London B., Albert C., Anderson M.E. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac arrhythmias: prior studies and recommendations for future research: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office OfDietary Supplements Omega-3FattyAcids and their Role inCardiacArrhythmogenesis Workshop. Circulation 2007; 116: e320-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chin J.P., Gust A.P., Nestel P.J.,Dart A.M. Marine oils dose-dependently inhibit vasoconstriction of forearm resistance vessels in humans. Hypertension 1993; 21: 22-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chin J.P., Gust A.P., Nestel P.J.,Dart A.M. Marine oils dose-dependently inhibit vasoconstriction of forearm resistance vessels in humans. Hypertension 1993; 21: 22-28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Q., Zhang Q., Wang M. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid affects endothelial nitric oxide synthase in caveolae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466: 250-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Q., Zhang Q., Wang M. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid affects endothelial nitric oxide synthase in caveolae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466: 250-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimsgaard S., Bonaa K.H., Hansen J.B., Myhre E.S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 52-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimsgaard S., Bonaa K.H., Hansen J.B., Myhre E.S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 52-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Geelen A., Brouwer I.A., Geleijnse J.M., Zock P.L., Katan M.B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005; 112:1945-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Geelen A., Brouwer I.A., Geleijnse J.M., Zock P.L., Katan M.B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005; 112:1945-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Bryson C.L., Lemaitre R.N., Burke G.L., Siscovick D.S. Fish intake and risk of incident heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 2015-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Bryson C.L., Lemaitre R.N., Burke G.L., Siscovick D.S. Fish intake and risk of incident heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 2015-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Stein P.K., Primeas R.J., Siscovick D.S. Dietary fish and ω-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 2008; 117:1130-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Stein P.K., Primeas R.J., Siscovick D.S. Dietary fish and ω-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 2008; 117:1130-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Geelen A., Brouwer I.A., Geleijnse J.M., Zock P.L., Katan M.B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005; 112:1945-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Geelen A., Brouwer I.A., Geleijnse J.M., Zock P.L., Katan M.B. Effect of fish oil on heart rate in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation 2005; 112:1945-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raitt M.H., Connor W.E., Morris C. et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricularfibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA 2005; 293: 2884-91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raitt M.H., Connor W.E., Morris C. et al. Fish oil supplementation and risk of ventricular tachycardia and ventricularfibrillation in patients with implantable defibrillators: a randomized controlled trial.JAMA 2005; 293: 2884-91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chin J.P., Gust A.P., Nestel P.J.,Dart A.M. Marine oils dose-dependently inhibit vasoconstriction of forearm resistance vessels in humans. Hypertension 1993; 21: 22-28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chin J.P., Gust A.P., Nestel P.J.,Dart A.M. Marine oils dose-dependently inhibit vasoconstriction of forearm resistance vessels in humans. Hypertension 1993; 21: 22-28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Q., Zhang Q., Wang M. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid affects endothelial nitric oxide synthase in caveolae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466: 250-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Q., Zhang Q., Wang M. et al. Docosahexaenoic acid affects endothelial nitric oxide synthase in caveolae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466: 250-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimsgaard S., Bonaa K.H., Hansen J.B., Myhre E.S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 52-59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimsgaard S., Bonaa K.H., Hansen J.B., Myhre E.S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68: 52-59.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Stein P.K., Primeas R.J., Siscovick D.S. Dietary fish and ω-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 2008; 117:1130-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Stein P.K., Primeas R.J., Siscovick D.S. Dietary fish and ω-3 fatty acid consumption and heart rate variability in US adults. Circulation 2008; 117:1130-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mozaffarian D., Gottdiener J.S., Siscovick D.S. Intake of tuna or other broiled or baked fish versus fried fish and cardiac structure, function, and hemodynamics. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 216-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mozaffarian D., Gottdiener J.S., Siscovick D.S. Intake of tuna or other broiled or baked fish versus fried fish and cardiac structure, function, and hemodynamics. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 216-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Left Ventricular Function and Functional Capacity in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy/ Savina Nodari, Marco Triggiani, Umberto Campia, Alessandra Manerba, Giuseppe // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 57;870-879.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Left Ventricular Function and Functional Capacity in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy/ Savina Nodari, Marco Triggiani, Umberto Campia, Alessandra Manerba, Giuseppe // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 57;870-879.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">London B., Albert C., Anderson M.E. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac arrhythmias: prior studies and recommendations for future research: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office OfDietary Supplements Omega-3FattyAcids and their Role inCardiacArrhythmogenesis Workshop. Circulation 2007; 116: e320-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">London B., Albert C., Anderson M.E. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiac arrhythmias: prior studies and recommendations for future research: a report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Office OfDietary Supplements Omega-3FattyAcids and their Role inCardiacArrhythmogenesis Workshop. Circulation 2007; 116: e320-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Stasi D., Bernasconi R., Marchioli R. et al. Early modifications of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates of healthy volunteers afterlowdoses of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:183-90.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Stasi D., Bernasconi R., Marchioli R. et al. Early modifications of fatty acid composition in plasma phospholipids, platelets and mononucleates of healthy volunteers afterlowdoses of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60:183-90.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arterburn L.M., Hall E.B., Oken H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of ω-3 fatty acids in humans. AmJ Clin Nutr2006; 83 (suppl): 1467S76S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arterburn L.M., Hall E.B., Oken H. Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of ω-3 fatty acids in humans. AmJ Clin Nutr2006; 83 (suppl): 1467S76S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hibbeln J.R., Nieminen L.R.G., Blasbalg T.L., Riggs J.A., Lands W.E.M. Healthy intakes of ω-3 and ω- 6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83 (suppl): 1483S- 93S.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hibbeln J.R., Nieminen L.R.G., Blasbalg T.L., Riggs J.A., Lands W.E.M. Healthy intakes of ω-3 and ω- 6 fatty acids: estimations considering worldwide diversity. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83 (suppl): 1483S- 93S.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ninio D., Murphy K., Howe P., Saint D. Dietary fish oil protects against stretchinduced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in a rabbit model. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 2005, 16, 1189–1194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ninio D., Murphy K., Howe P., Saint D. Dietary fish oil protects against stretchinduced vulnerability to atrial fibrillation in a rabbit model. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol., 2005, 16, 1189–1194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savelieva I., Kourliouros A., Camm J. Primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation with statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids:review of evidence and clinicalrelevance. Naunyn-SchmiedArch. Pharmacol., 2010, 381, 207–219.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savelieva I., Kourliouros A., Camm J. Primary and secondary prevention of atrial fibrillation with statins and polyunsaturated fatty acids:review of evidence and clinicalrelevance. Naunyn-SchmiedArch. Pharmacol., 2010, 381, 207–219.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hallaq H., Smith T.W., Leaf A. Modulation of dihydropyridene-sensitive calcium channels in heart cells by fish oil fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:1760-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hallaq H., Smith T.W., Leaf A. Modulation of dihydropyridene-sensitive calcium channels in heart cells by fish oil fatty acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:1760-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grimsgaard S., Bonaa K.H., Hansen J.B., Myhre E.S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:52-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grimsgaard S., Bonaa K.H., Hansen J.B., Myhre E.S. Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:52-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang J.X., LeafA.Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids:recent studies. Circulation 1996; 94:1774-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang J.X., LeafA.Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids:recent studies. Circulation 1996; 94:1774-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li G., Sun H., Zhang X. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K+currents and Na+ current in human atrial myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res., 2009, 81, 286–293. 71. MozaffarianD., Psaty B., Rimm E. et al. Fish intake and risk ofincident atrialfibrillation Circulation, 2004, 110, 368–373.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li G., Sun H., Zhang X. et al. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K+currents and Na+ current in human atrial myocytes. Cardiovasc. Res., 2009, 81, 286–293. 71. MozaffarianD., Psaty B., Rimm E. et al. Fish intake and risk ofincident atrialfibrillation Circulation, 2004, 110, 368–373.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Virtanen J., Murus J., Voutilainen S., Tuomainen T. Serum long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in men. Circulation, 2009, 120, 2315-2321.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Virtanen J., Murus J., Voutilainen S., Tuomainen T. Serum long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of hospital diagnosis of atrial fibrillation in men. Circulation, 2009, 120, 2315-2321.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry J., Passman R., Prineas R. et al. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and incident atrial fibrillation: the Women’s Health Initiative. Heart Rhythm, 2008, 5 (Suppl), S22 (Abstract).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry J., Passman R., Prineas R. et al. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid intake and incident atrial fibrillation: the Women’s Health Initiative. Heart Rhythm, 2008, 5 (Suppl), S22 (Abstract).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brouwer I., Heeringa J., Geleijnse J. et al. Intake of very long-chain ω-3 fatty acids from fish and incidence of atrial fibrillation. The Rotterdam study. Am. Heart J., 2006, 151, 857–862.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brouwer I., Heeringa J., Geleijnse J. et al. Intake of very long-chain ω-3 fatty acids from fish and incidence of atrial fibrillation. The Rotterdam study. Am. Heart J., 2006, 151, 857–862.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Frost L., Vestergaard P. ω-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish diet, cancer, and health study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 81, 50–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frost L., Vestergaard P. ω-3 Fatty acids consumed from fish and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish diet, cancer, and health study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 81, 50–54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nodari S., Triggiani M., Campia U. et al. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrences after electrical cardioversion: a prospective randomized study. Circulation, 2011, 124, 1100-1106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nodari S., Triggiani M., Campia U. et al. ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrences after electrical cardioversion: a prospective randomized study. Circulation, 2011, 124, 1100-1106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Macchia A., Varini S., Grancelli H. et al. The rationale and design of the FOR omega ARD Trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent study to test the efficacy of ω-3 PUFA for the maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with previous atrialfibrillation.Am.HeartJ., 2009, 157 (3), 423-427.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Macchia A., Varini S., Grancelli H. et al. The rationale and design of the FOR omega ARD Trial: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent study to test the efficacy of ω-3 PUFA for the maintenance of normal sinus rhythm in patients with previous atrialfibrillation.Am.HeartJ., 2009, 157 (3), 423-427.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schrepf R., Limmert T., Weber P.C., Theisen K., Sellmayer A. Immediate effects of ω-3 fatty acid infusion on the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet 2004; 363:1441-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schrepf R., Limmert T., Weber P.C., Theisen K., Sellmayer A. Immediate effects of ω-3 fatty acid infusion on the induction of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Lancet 2004; 363:1441-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christensen J.H., Riahi S., Schmidt E.B. et al. ω-3 fatty acids and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Europace 2005; 7:338-44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christensen J.H., Riahi S., Schmidt E.B. et al. ω-3 fatty acids and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Europace 2005; 7:338-44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cleland J.G., Coletta A.P., Lammiman M. et al. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology meeting 2005: CARE-HF extension study, ESSENTIAL, CIBIS-III, S-ICD, ISSUE-2, STRIDE-2, SOFA, IMAGINE, PREAMI, SIRIUS-II and ACTIVE. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:1070-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cleland J.G., Coletta A.P., Lammiman M. et al. Clinical trials update from the European Society of Cardiology meeting 2005: CARE-HF extension study, ESSENTIAL, CIBIS-III, S-ICD, ISSUE-2, STRIDE-2, SOFA, IMAGINE, PREAMI, SIRIUS-II and ACTIVE. Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:1070-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leaf A., Albert C.M., Josephson M. et al. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil ω-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005; 112:2762-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leaf A., Albert C.M., Josephson M. et al. Prevention of fatal arrhythmias in high-risk subjects by fish oil ω-3 fatty acid intake. Circulation 2005; 112:2762-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris W.S., von Schacky C. The omega-3 index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med 2004; 39:212-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris W.S., von Schacky C. The omega-3 index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease? Prev Med 2004; 39:212-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris W.S., Sands S.A., Windor S.L., Ali H.A., Stevens T.L., Magalski A. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac biopsies from heart transplantation patients: correlation with erythrocytes and response to supplementation. Circulation 2004; 11 0:1645-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris W.S., Sands S.A., Windor S.L., Ali H.A., Stevens T.L., Magalski A. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac biopsies from heart transplantation patients: correlation with erythrocytes and response to supplementation. Circulation 2004; 11 0:1645-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siscovick D.S., Raghunathan Т.Е., King I., Weinmann S., Wicklund K.G., Albright J. et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 275:836-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siscovick D.S., Raghunathan Т.Е., King I., Weinmann S., Wicklund K.G., Albright J. et al. Dietary intake and cell membrane levels of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. J Am Med Assoc 1995; 275:836-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iso H. et al, JPHC Study Group. Intake of fish and ω-3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I. Circulation 2006; 11 3:195-202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iso H. et al, JPHC Study Group. Intake of fish and ω-3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-based (JPHC) study cohort I. Circulation 2006; 11 3:195-202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yokoyama M., OrigaseaH. Forthe JELIS Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Japan ЭПК Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). Am Heart J 2003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yokoyama M., OrigaseaH. Forthe JELIS Investigators. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with hypercholesterolemia: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Japan ЭПК Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). Am Heart J 2003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moore M.J., Glover B.M., McCann C.J., Cromie N.A., Ferguson P., Catnesy D.C. et al. Demographic and temporal trends in out of hospital sudden cardiac death in Belfast. Heart 2006; 92:311-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moore M.J., Glover B.M., McCann C.J., Cromie N.A., Ferguson P., Catnesy D.C. et al. Demographic and temporal trends in out of hospital sudden cardiac death in Belfast. Heart 2006; 92:311-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., Bosch J., Davies R., Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:145-53.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., Bosch J., Davies R., Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:145-53.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris W.S., Sands S.A., Windor S.L., Ali H.A., Stevens T.L., Magalski A. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac biopsies from heart transplantation patients: correlation with erythrocytes and response to supplementation. Circulation 2004; 11 0:1645-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris W.S., Sands S.A., Windor S.L., Ali H.A., Stevens T.L., Magalski A. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids in cardiac biopsies from heart transplantation patients: correlation with erythrocytes and response to supplementation. Circulation 2004; 11 0:1645-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
